Evolution of Nervous System

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Evolution of Nervous System

• Ganglia are clusters of cell bodies that allow
  for coordination of NS
• Evolution of NS begins with nerve net of hydra
  and becomes more organized

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Vertebrate Brain

• What are the three regions of the vertebrate
  brain?
• Hindbrain brainstem,involved in regulation
• Midbrain - integration of sensory information
  from auditory and visual pathways
• Forebrain thinking and homeostasis

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Evolutionary Trends

• What are the 3 evolutionary trends in vertebrate
  brain evolution?
• Larger brain size
• Increased specialization (addition of cerebellum,
  thalamus and hypothalamus)
• Increased complexity of forebrain

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CNS

• What does the CNS consist of?
• Brain and spinal cord
• What is the function of the spinal cord?
• Integration and relay, as seen in the reflex arc
• Special neurotransmitters allow brain neurons to
  communicate with one another.
• Alzheimers and Parkinsons result when specific
  neurotransmitters are lost or changed.

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The Brain

• Hindbrain automatic activities
• Medulla oblongata
• automatic reflex, coughing sneezing, vomiting,
  swallowing
• heart rate,
• breathing rate,
• blood vessel contractions,
• Cerebellum movement and balance
• Hand-eye coordination uses cerebellar function

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• Midbrain
• integration of sensory information from auditory
  and visual pathways

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• Forebrain
• Thalamus sensory input and motor output center,
  integration to other brain centers
• Hypothalamus homeostatic regulation
  thermostat, hormonal regulation of anterior
  pituitary and production of posterior pituitary
  hormones.
• Cerebrum.

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Cerebrum most complex integration center thought

• Divided into left and right hemisphere.
• Right controls L. side of body and vice verse
• Left side verbal analytical
• Right side artistic

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Reticular Activating System

• Why is it that when you day dream in class you
  dont hear anything until I say your name?
• Your brain filters information through the RAS
• It extends from the medulla to the thalamus and
  filters information that reaches the cerebral
  cortex

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The Motor Neurons Interaction with Effectors

• How a muscle contracts and allows you to move
  your skeleton!

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Functional Organization of the Nervous System
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Bones and Muscles

• What is a ligament?
• It joins bone to bone at the joints
• What is a tendon?
• Tendons join muscle to bone
• What response does a muscle have to a stimulus?
• Contraction

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Three Muscle Types

• What are the 3 types of muscle?
• Smooth
• Cardiac
• Skeletal
• How does skeletal muscle contract?

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Skeletal muscles
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Sliding filament theory
As the muscle contracts which parts are moving
and which are remaining in place?
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Control of Muscle Contraction
Why isn't the muscle always contracting?
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T Tubule Contraction
What neuro-transmitter initiates the muscle
contraction?
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