Introduction to Materials Science

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Introduction to Materials Science
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science
You will learn about
material structure
how structure dictates properties
how processing can change structure
This course will help you to
use materials properly
realize new design opportunities
with materials
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LECTURES
Lecturer Stanislaw Dymek PhD, Sc. Dr. Eng.,
Prof. AGH e-mail gmdymek_at_cyfronet.krakow.pl
dymek_at_agh.edu.pl
Time Monday 1130
Location Building A2 Ground Floor
Activities
Present new material
Announce reading and laboratory projects
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SCHEDULE (21 h 7 weeks)

• General Intro (3 h)
• Atomic bonding, crystalline structure (3 h)
• Imperfections, diffusion (3 h)
• Mechanical Properties, Deformation, Strengthening
  Mechanisms, Failure (5)
• Phase Diagrams, Phase Transformations (5)
• Processing Applications of Metals (2)

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COURSE MATERIALS
Required text
Materials Science and Engineering An
Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr., 7th edition, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. (2007).
Optional Material

• The Science and Engineering of Materials, Donald
  R. Askeland,
  Thomson Books/Cole, (2003).
• Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,
  James F. Shackelford, Macmillan Publishing
  Company, (2004)
• Engineering Materials, part 1 2, M.F. Ashby,
  D.R.H. Jones, Butterworth-Heinemann (2005)

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COURSE WEBSITES
Text Website http//www.wiley.com/college/callist
er

• Additional Chapters (Chapters 19-23)
• Complete solutions to selected problems
• Links to other web resources
• Extended learning objectives
• Self-assessment exercises

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LABORATORY SECTIONS

• Instructors
• Dr. Beata Dubiel, room 14
• Dr. Adam Bunsch, room 14H
• Dr. Janusz Rys, room 33H
• Dr. Tadeusz Pieczonka, room 34H
• Dr. Tomasz Moskalewicz

Location Building A2
Instructors will have office hours to help you
with course material and problem sets.
Purpose To learn more about materials by
relating lecture material with observations.
Also to learn to properly formulate and write
engineering reports and proposals.
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LABORATORY PROGRAMM

• Deformation and Recrystallization (J. Rys)
• Thermal Analysis of Alloys (T. Pieczonka)
• Precipitation Hardening of Al Alloys (T.
  Moskalewicz)
• Microstructural Investigation of Ferrous Alloys
  (B. Dubiel)
• Heat Treatment of Steels (A. Bunsch)

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Materials Science - Introduction

• What is materials science?
• understanding relationship between stucture and
  properies
• What is materials engineering?
• designing the structure to produce a
  predetermined set of properties
• Main problem selecting the right material from
  the many thousands that are available
• Two other important components processing and
  performance

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The Materials Selection Process
1.
Pick Application
Determine required Properties
2.
Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material structure, composition.
3.
Material
Identify required Processing
Processing changes structure and overall
shape ex casting, sintering, vapor deposition,
doping forming, joining, annealing.
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Process-Propery Interaction
Engineers make things. They make them out of
materials. The materials have to support loads,
to insulate or conduct heat and electricity,
etc. To make sth. out material you need also a
process. Not just any process the one you
choose has to be compatible with the material you
plan to use.
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Microstructure of Materials
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Materials historical perspective

Materials drive our society
Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age What Now? Silicon
Age? Polymer Age?
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CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

• Metals
• Ceramics
• Polymers
• Glasses
• Elastomers
• Advanced Materials
• composites
• semiconductors
• biomaterials
• smart (inteligent) materials
• nanomaterials

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Taxonomy of the kingdom of materials
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p02_pg1
CARBONATED BEVERAGE CONTAINERS

• Constraints
• provide a barier to the passage of carbon
  dioxide, which is under pressure in the container
• be nontoxic, unreactive with the beverage, and,
  preferably be recyclabe
• be relatively strong, and capable of surviving a
  drop from a height of several meters when
  containing the beverage
• be inexpensive and the cost to fabricate the
  final shape should be relatively low
• if optically transparent, retain its optical
  clarity
• capable of being produce having different colors
  and/or able to be adorned with decorative labels

ceramic (glass)
polymer (plastic)
metal (aluminum)
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Classes of Process
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Classes of Process
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Taxonomy of the kingdom of process with part of
shaping expanded
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Taxonomy of the kingdom of process with families
of joining and finishing
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PROPERTIES
Property all materials exposed to external
stimuli evoke response Force
deformation, failure Light
reflection, absorbtion
Important Properties are independent of shape
and size
SIX CATEGORIES

• mechanical
• electrical
• thermal
• magnetic
• optical
• deteriorative

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METALS

• Relatively dense
• Stiff
• Strong
• Ductile
• Resistant to fracture
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Not transparent to visible light
• Some of them magnetic

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CERAMICS
Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements

• Relatively stiff
• Strong
• Very hard
• Extremely brittle
• Susceptible to fracture
• Insulative to heat and electricity
• Resistant to high temperature
• May be transparent,translucent or opaque

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POLYMERS

• Low density
• Not as stiff and strong as metals
• May be ductile
• May be pliable (easily formed into complex
  shapes)
• Unreactive in most environments
• Low conductivityofheat and electricity
• Tendency to soften and decomposed with temperature

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EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS

• Polyethylen (PE)
• Nylon
• Polyvinyl chloride (PCV)
• Polycarbonate (PC)
• Polystyrene (PS)
• Silicon rubber

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MECHANICAL
Displayed when a force is applied to a material

• Strength
• Stiffness
• Hardness
• Ductility
• Toughness
• Wear resistance
• Fatigue resistance
• Creep resistance

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ELECTRICAL
Electrical Resistivity of Copper
The electrical resistivity versus temperature for
copper and three coppernickel alloys, one of
which has been deformed. Thermal, impurity, and
deformation contributions to the resistivity are
indicated at -100C.
Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases
resistivity.
Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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f07_01_pg8
Electrical conductivity
conductors insulators semiconductors
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THERMAL
Thermal Conductivity of Copper - It decreases
when you add zinc!
400
300
(W/m-K)
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Thermal Conductivity
100
0
0
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Composition (wt Zinc)
Thermal diffusivity differs from the conductivity
because materials differ in their heat capasity.
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THERMAL
Space Shuttle Tiles - Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction.

• This photograph shows a whitehot cube of a silica
  fiber insulation material, which, only seconds
  after having been removed from a hot furnace, can
  be held by its edges with the bare hands.
  Initially, the heat transfer from the surface is
  relatively rapid however, the thermal
  conductivity of this material is so small that
  heat conduction from the interior maximum
  temperature approximately 1250C (2300F) is
  extremely slow.

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MAGNETIC
Magnetic Storage - Recording medium
is magnetized by recording head.
Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition Adding 3
atomic Si makes Fe a better recording medium!
Schematic representation showing how information
is stored and retrieved using a magnetic storage
medium.
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OPTICAL
Transmittance Aluminum oxide may be
transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on
the material structure.
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DETERIORATIVE
Stress Saltwater... --causes cracks!
Heat treatment slows crack speed in salt
water!
Photograph showing a bar of steel that has been
bent into a horseshoe shape using a
nut-and-bolt assembly. While immersed in
seawater, stress corrosion cracks formed along
the bend at those regions where the tensile
stresses are the greatest.
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Material Property Charts
A bar chart of modulus. It reveals the difference
in stiffness between the families
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Material Property Charts

• The charts give an overviewof the physical,
  mechanical and functional properties of
  materials, presenting the information about them
  in a compact way
• They reveal aspects of the physical origins of
  properties, helpful inunderstanding the
  underlying science.
• They become a tool for optimized selection of
  materials in existing products

A bubble chart of modulus and density. Families
occupy discrete areas of the chart.
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Material Property Charts
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Structure, Processing, Properties
Properties depend on structure
ex hardness vs structure of steel
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5
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4
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Hardness (BHN)


3
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2
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100
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
Processing can change structure
ex structure vs cooling rate of steel
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