Jain Agam Literature

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Jain Agam Literature
Pravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North
Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle
Raleigh NC 27607-3969 919-859-4994 and
fax E-mail education_at_jaina.org Website
www.jaina.org
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Index

• Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature
• Definition
• Classification
• Listings of Sutras
• Summary of Agams by Jainsects
• History of Preservation
• Agam substitute Literature of Digambar
• Authors of Agam Literature
• Agam Sutras based on Fourteen Purvas
• Commentary on Jain Agams
• Niryukti
• Bhasya
• Churni
• Tika
• Summary of Jain Literature
• Various Subjects / Languages
• Jain Authors
• Important Jain scriptures

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Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra,
Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant)

• Definition
• Absolute Point of View (Reader/Listener)
• Enhances Spiritual Life
• Finds Happiness within
• Reduces kashays (greed, anger, lust, ego etc.)
  within
• Empirical Point of View (Author/Speaker)
• Teaching of Jina (Aapt, Tirthankar, Arihant,
  Arhat) who has conquered attachment and aversion
• Preach Universal Truth
• Conduct - Equanimity, Universal affection,
  Friendship
• Thought - Principle of Relativity
• Language
• Ardha-maghadhi 400 to 100 B.C.
• Jain Maharachtri 100 to 500 AD.

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Jain Sects
Jain Sects
Digambar Monks - no cloths
Swetambar Monks - white cloths
Murtipujak
Nonmurtipujak
Murtipujak
Nonmurtipujak
Bisa-panthi Bhattarak Tradition Orthodox
murtipujak
Taran-panthi Taran-taran-swami
Murtipujak Orthodox murtipujak
Sthanak-vasi Lokashah (14th Cen)
Terah-panthi Banarasidas (18th Cen) Simple
murtipujak
Tera-panthi Acharya Bhikku (16th Cen)
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Jain Agam Literature
Jain Agam Literature (Jain Scriptures)
Ang-agams 12 Scriptures (all sects) Ganadhars
Angbahya-agams 14/34/21 Scriptures 14/10 Purvi
Acharyas
11 Ang-agams Swetambar - all survived Digambar -
all extinct
12th Ang-agam Drastivad 14 Purvas - all extinct
Digambar Angbahya-agams 14 scriptures (all
sects) All extinct
Swetambar Angbahya-agams 34/21 Scriptures All
survived
Five Parikarmas
Upang 12 Murtipujak 12 Non-murtipujak
Sutra
Chhed-sutra 6 Murtipujak 4 Non-murtipujak
Prathamanuyog
Mool-sutra 4 Murtipujak 3 Non-murtipujak
Fourteen Purva-gatas
Chulika 2 Murtipujak 2 Non-murtipujak
Five Chulikas
Prakirna 10 Murtipujak 0 Non-murtipujak
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Ang-pravistha Agam

• Direct Teachings of Lord Mahavir
• Composed by Ganadhars
• 12 Ang-pravishta Agams
• Digambar (all sects)
• All 12 Ang-agams are extinct during 364 B.C. to
  157 AD.
• Shwetambar (all sects)
• 11 Ang-agams are survived
• 12th Ang Agam is extinct during 356 BC to 474 AD.

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Ang-pravistha Agams

• Acharang
• Sutra-kratang
• Sthanang
• Samavay-ang
• Vhakhya-prajnapti or Bhagavati
• Jnata-dharma-kathang
• Upasaka-dashang
• Antahkra-dashang
• Anuttaroupa-patika-dashang
• Prashna-vyakran
• Vipaka-sutra
• Drishti-pravada or Drishtivad

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Drishti-pravada-anga 12th Ang-agam

• Divided into Five Parts
• Five Parikarmas
• Sutra
• Pratham-anuyoga
• Fourteen Purva-gatas or Purvas
• Five Chulikas

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Drishti-pravada-anga

• Five Parikarmas
• Chandra-prajnapti
• Surya-prajnapti
• Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti
• Dvip-prajnapti
• Vyakhya-prajnapti
• Sutra
• An account of 363 false creeds
• Pratham-anuyoga
• Life stories of 63 great Leaders
• 24 Tirthankars
• 12 Chakra-vartis
• 9 Narayans or Vasudevs
• 9 Prati-narayans or Prati-vasudevs
• 9 Bal-bhadras or Baldevs

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Listings of 14 Purvas

• Utpada-purva
• describes the origination, destruction, and
  permanance nature of substances
• Agraya-niya
• describes seven tattvas, and six dravyas
• Viryanu-vad
• describes the power and qualities of living and
  nonliving substances.
• Asti-nasti-pravad
• Seven ways (saydvad) of considering things and
  their usage.
• Jnana-pravad
• Eight types of knowledge (Jnana)
• Satya-pravad
• Description of truth, silence, speakers
• Atma-pravad
• Description of soul (Atma) from Nischaya and
  Vyavahar point of view

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Listings of 14 Purvas (Cont..)

• Karma-pravad
• Bondage and its modification of karma to the soul
• Pratya-khyan
• Description of vows, penances, repentances, and
  renounciation of bad things.
• Vidyanu-vad
• Acquiring special power by learning various
  Mantras and other knowledge
• Kalyan-vad
• Description of the grand celebrations of great
  events (Kalyanak)
• Prana-vad
• knowledge about removal of pains caused by
  spirit, ghost, snake etc.
• Kriya-visal
• Description 72 arts of man and 64 arts of woman
• Triloka-bindu-sara
• Way of attaing Moksha and glory and hapiness of
  it.

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Five Chulikas Chulika knowledge acquires extra
ordinary power

• Jala-gata
• power to walk on water, staying in the water,
  passing through fire etc
• Sthala-gata
• travel to mount Meru, Mahavideh etc
• Maya-gata
• power to perform miracles
• Rupa-gata
• transformation of body into various forms.
• Akasa-gata
• travel into space

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Ang-bahya Agams

• Composed by Sthaviras.
• 14 or 10 Purvi Acharyas
• Digambar
• All sects - 14
• Shwetambar
• Murti-pujak - 34
• Non-murti-pujak - 21

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Digambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• 1. Samayik
• 2. Samstava
• 3. Vandana
• 4. Prati-kraman
• 5. Vinaya
• 6. Kriti-karma
• 7. Das-vaikalik
• 8. Uttar-adhyayan
• 9. Kalpa-vyavahara
• 10. Kalpa-kalpa
• 11. Mahakalpa-sanjnaka
• 12. Pundarika
• 13. Maha-pundarika
• 14. Nishidika
• All 14 Ang-bahya Agams are extinct during 364
  B.C. to 157 A.D.

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams
Sect.......................... Upang Agams
A 12
B 12
Chhed-sutra Agams
6
4
Mul-sutra Agams
4
3
Chulika-sutra Agams
2
2
Prakirna Agams
10
0
Total
34
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• A Swetambar Murti-pujak sect
• B Swetambar Nonmurti-pujak sect

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• Upang Agams
• Aupa-patika
• Raja-prasniya
• Jivabhigam
• Prajnapana
• Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti
• Surya-prajnapti
• Chandra-prajnapti
• Nirayavali or Kalpika
• Kalpa-vatansika
• Pushpika
• Pushpa-chulika
• Vrashni-dasha
• Accepted by Murti Pujak and Non-murti Pujak sects.

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• Chhed-sutra Agams
• Nishitha
• Maha-nishitha
• Vyavahara
• Das-sruta-skandha
• Brahat-kalpa
• Panch-kalpa (now extinct) or Jit-kalpa
• Mul-sutra Agams
• Avasyaka
• Dasha-vaikalika
• Uttara-dhyan
• Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti
• Chulika-sutra Agams
• Nandi-sutra
• Anuyoga-dvara
• Not accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

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Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams

• Prakirna Agams
• Chatuh-sarana
• Samstarak
• Atura-pratya-khyana
• Bhakti-parijna
• Tandul-vaitalika
• Chandra-vedhyaka
• Devendra-stav
• Ganit-vidya
• Maha-pratya-khyan
• Vir-stava
• None are accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

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Agam Summary by Jain Sects

• Digambar (all sects)
• 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 356 BC
• Remaining 11 Angs and 14 Ang-bahya extinct by 157
  AD
• Agam Substitute Literature
• Satkhand Agam
• Kashay-pahud
• Four Anuyogs
• Shwetambar (all sects)
• 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 474 AD
• 11 Ang-pravishta Agams Survived
• Shwetambar Murtipujak
• Accepts 34 Ang-bahya Agams
• Shwetambar Nonmurtipujak
• Accepts 21 Ang-bahya Agams

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History of Preservation

• First Recension (226 BC)
• Patali-putra by Sthulibhadra
• 11 Ang Agams orally complied
• 14 Purvas not remembered
• Later Sthulibhadra complied 10 Purvas
• Second Recension (374 AD to 387 AD)
• Mathura by Skandil
• Valabhi by Nagarjun
• Agams and Anuyogs documented
• Third Recension (527 AD)
• Valabhi by Devardhi-gani
• Prakirnas documented
• Agams and Anuyogs reviewed/preserved
• Differences documented in Churni
• Agam works settled (Catalog in Nandi Sutra)
• Current Status
• Deviation from Nandi Sutra
• Many Prakirnas are extinct
• Vir-stava and Pind-niryukti added afterwords

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Commentary Literature

• To study Jain agams, one requires to study
  complete Panchagini of each Agam.
• Panchagini (Five Types)
• Original Sutras
• Niryukti
• Bhasya
• Churni
• Tika

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Niryukti Literature

• Written on Agam sutras
• Prakrit Language
• Poetic Form and Short
• Provides General Meaning
• Contains
• Historical Incidences
• Old Traditions, Stories, and Examples
• Philosophy, Principles, and Conducts
• Author - Bhadrabahu-swami (second)
• Written on 10 Agams before 600 AD
• Independent Niryukties
• Sanstarak Niryukti
• Govind Niryukti or Darshan Prabhavak Shastra
• Aradhana Niryukti

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Bhasya Literature

• Written on Agam and Niryukti
• Prakrit Language
• Poetic Form
• Provides Specific Meaning
• Contains
• Prachin (old) Anushruties
• Jatak Stories
• Provides Good Understanding of
• History of Jainism
• Conducts and Behavior of Monks
• Authors
• Sanghdas-gani
• Jinbhadra-gani
• Written - 400 to 600 A.D.

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Churni Literature

• Written on Agam, Niryukti, Bhasya
• Prakrit mixed Sanskrit Language
• Prose Form
• Contains Jatak and Religious Stories
• Provides Good Understanding
• Social Customs
• Business
• Food Habits
• Festivals
• Clothing of people
• Author - Jindas-gani Mahattar
• 600 AD

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Tika Literature

• Written on Agam sutras, Niryukti, Bhasya, and
  Churni
• Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit stories
• Most Important to understand Agam literature
• Prominent Tika Authors
• Haribhadra-suri (705 to 755 A.D.)
• Prajnapana, Avasyaka, Nandi, Dasha-vaikalika,
  Anuyoga-dvara
• Shilanka-suri (8th century)
• Acharang, Sutra-kratang
• Abhaydev (11th century)
• 9 of 11 Ang agams
• Malladhari Hemchandra (11th century)
• Anuyogdvar
• Acharya Malay-giri (11th century)
• Nandi, Prajnapana, Jiva-bhigama, Brahat-kalpa,
  Rajpashniya, Chandra-pragnapti, Avasyak
• Shanti-suri (1563 A.D.)
• Uttara-dhyan Sutra Vrahat Tika

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Jain Literature Classification

• Code English Name Prakrit Name
• A Metaphics Tattvajnan
• B Spiritual/Philosophy Adhyatma
• C Meditation Yoga, Dhyan
• D Karma Karma
• E Logic Darshan, Naya, Praman
• F Conduct Charnanuyoga
• G Morality Niti, Upadesh
• H Astronomy Lok Svarup
• J Story, Biography Puran, Katha, Rupak, Vyang
• K Ritual and Sutras Stotra, Mantra, Puja
• M Drama and Poetry Lalit Kavya, Kavya Shastra,
  Natak
• N Figures of speech Alankar
• P Dictionary Dictionary, Kosha, Lokjnan
• Q Grammar Vyakaran
• R Mathematics Ganit
• S Astrology Jyotish
• T Physics Padarth Vijnan

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Jain Authors

• Kundkunda-charya (1st century)
• Ashta Pahud B
• Baras Anuvekkha (Anupreksha) B
• Das Bhakti Granth B
• Niyamsar B
• Panchastikaya B
• Pravachansar B
• Samaysar B
• Umaswati or Umaswami (2nd century)
• Tattvarth Sutra A
• Prashama-rati Prakarana B
• Tattvarth Bhasya A
• Siddhasen Divakar or Gandh-hasti (5th century)
• Dvatrishika Stotra K
• Kalyan Mandir Stotra (S) K
• Nyayavatar E
• Sanmati-tark (prakaran) E
• Tattvarth Bhasya A

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Jain Authors

• Samant-bhadra (5th century)
• Apta Mimansa (Devagma Stotra) E
• Ratna Karand Shravakachar F
• Stuti Vidya K
• Svayambhu Stotra K
• Pujyapad or Devanandi (6th century)
• Ishtopadesh G
• Jainendra Vyakaran Q
• Samadhi Sataka
• Samadhi Tantra C
• Sarvarth Siddhi (Tattvarth tika) A
• Siddhi Priya Stotra K
• Akalank (7th century)
• Ashtashati (Apta Mimansha tika) E
• Lagiyasraya E
• Nyaya Vinishchaya E
• Praman Sangraha E
• Siddhi Vinishchaya E

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Jain Authors

• Haribhadra-suri (8th century)
• Anekant Jaya Pataka E
• Anuyogadvara C
• Asada-kavikrata Upadesha F
• Dharma Bindu F
• Dharma Samgrahani F
• Dhurta-khyan J
• Jambudvipa Prajnaapti R
• Jiva-bhigam A
• Kandati C
• Lalit Vistra M
• Nandi P
• Nyaya Pravesh (tika-non Jain text E
• Samaraicchakaha J
• Savay Pannitti
• Shad-darshan Samuccaya A

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Jain Authors

• Haribhadra-suri (8th century) cont...
• Tattvarth Sloka Vriti A
• Upadesha Pada G
• Yoga Bindu C
• Yoga Drasti Samucchaya C
• Yoga Shataka C
• Vidyananda (8th century)
• Apta Pariksha E
• Ashta Sahasri (Apta Mimansa tika)E
• Naya-vivarnam E
• Patrapariksa E
• Praman Pariksha E
• Satya Shasan Pariksha E
• Tattvarth Shloka Vartika (tika) A

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Jain Authors

• Nemichandra Siddhant Chakravarti (10th century)
• Brahat Dravya Sangraha A
• Gomatsar Jivakanda D
• Gomatsar Karmakanda D
• Kshetra Ganita L
• Labdhisar (Gomatsar purak) D
• Raghava Pandaviya Kavya M
• Triloksar H
• Somdev (10th century)
• Adhyatma Tarangini C
• Nitivakyamrit U
• Syadvad Upanishad C
• Upasak Addhayan F
• Yashastilak Champu I

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Jain Authors

• Hemchandra (12th century)
• Abhidhana Chintamani P
• Alankar Chudamani N
• Anaya-yoga Vyavachchedika E
• Anekartha Namamala P
• Arhan-niti U
• Chhandonu-shasana M
• Deshi Namamala P
• Dhvayashrya Mahakavya M
• Kavyanu Shashana M
• Mahadev Stotra K
• Nighantukosha P
• Paramatma Prakaran C

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Jain Authors

• Hemchandra (12th century) cont..
• Parishishta Parva J
• Praman Mimansa E
• Shesha Namamala P
• Siddha Hemachandra Vyakarana O
• Siddhahema Shabdanu Shasan O
• Trishishta Shalaka Purush I
• Vadanu Shasan E
• Vitarag Stotra K
• Yoga Shastra C
• Yoga Shastra Vratti C
• Yoga Vinshikas C

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Jain Authors

• Yashovijayji (18th century)
• Adhyatma Pariksa B
• Adhyatma Sara B
• Adhyatma Upanishad B
• Ashta Sahasri Vivaran E
• Dharma Pariksha F
• Dvatrimshad K
• Jain Tark Paribhasha E
• Jnan-bindu-sara B
• Karma-prakrati Tika D
• Naya-pradip E
• Naya-rahasya E
• Nayamrit Tarangini E
• Nyaya Khandan Khadya E
• Nyayalok E
• Tattvarth Sutra Vriti A
• Upadesha Rahasya F