L2 Animal Diversity

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L2 Animal Diversity Making sense of diversity
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Linnaeus
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Key
fins or legs?
legs
fins
amniote?
yes
bone/cartilage?
scales?
no
no
cartilage
bone
yes
hair/feathers?
feathers
hair
shark
fish
frog
crocodile
mammal
bird
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Key
fins or legs?
bone/cartilage?
fish
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Key
fins or legs?
legs
fins
amniote?
yes
bone/cartilage?
scales?
no
no
cartilage
bone
yes
hair/feathers?
feathers
hair
shark
fish
frog
crocodile
mammal
bird
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Keys need not reflect evolution
crocodile
fish
shark
mammal
bird
frog
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Demo
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Paraphyletic groups are often grouped by the
absence of something
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Defining taxonomic groups can be tricky
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Whittakers Five Kingdom Classification (1969)
photosynthesis
ingestion
absorption
Classification based on cell structure and
methods of nutrition
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Evolutionary tree for all of life
Constructed from ribosomal RNA sequences
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The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes, S. L. Baldauf,
Science Jun 13 2003 1703-1706
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Protists are paraphyletic
Protists are those eukaryotes left over after we
remove plants, fungi, and animals
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alveolates
The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes, S. L. Baldauf,
Science Jun 13 2003 1703-1706
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Red tides - massive dinoflagelate blooms causing
massive fish deaths
(need piccies of red tide)
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Apicomplexa Malaria
Each year 300 million people are infected, and 2
million die
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Malaria is an ancient disease
10-20 Myr
falciparum Human
Phylogeny of the genus Plasmodium
reichenowi Chimp
gallinaceum Bird
lophurae Bird
mexicanum Lizard
malariae Human
fragile Monkey
150 Myr
knowlesi Monkey
41 Myr
vivax Human
cynomolgi Monkey
berghei Rodent
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Coccoliths

• Emiliania huxleyi is planktonic
• On death cells clump together and sink to the
  ocean floor
• Massive carpets of coccoliths cover the ocean
  floors

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Emiliania huxleyi off the coast of Newfoundland,
21st July 1999
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Radiolarian
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Foraminiferan
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
Left or right coiled shell depending on water
temperature
Right-coiled (Dextral) specimen, umbilical view
Percent right-coiling N.pachyderma
10 20 30 40 50
60 70 80 90
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,00
0 140,000 160,000
Left-coiled (sinistral) specimen, umbilical view
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Trypanosoma
Causes African sleeping sickness in humans
Red blood cells
Trypanosomes
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Diatoms
Glasslike walls made of hydrated
silica. Skeletons for diatomaceous earth which
is used for filters.
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Choanoflagellates
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Similarity between sponges and choanoflagellates
Colonial choanoflagellates
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Summary

• Keys enable us to identify organisms
• Keys are not classifications
• Groups defined by not having features of another
  group often comprise unrelated organisms
  (paraphyletic)
• The protists are a classic case of a diverse but
  unrelated group of organisms

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