Blood Types ABO and Rh

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Blood Types (ABO and Rh)

• Danielle Szymaszek
• Hollis Capuano
• Lizbeth Torres

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Introduction

• Karl Landsteiner
• 1900 4 different kinds of blood
• A, B, AB, O
• Determined by presence/absence of agglutinogens
  on surface of RBCs.
• Agglutinogens (proteins on RBCs)
• Surface antigens normal substances in body
• Agglutinins
• Anti-bodies in the plasma

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Type A

• 2nd most common blood type in US (40)
• Type A blood surface antigen is A on the
  erythrocytes
• Have anti-B agglutinins in plasma
• Give blood to people with type A or type AB blood
  
• Receive blood from type O or type A

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Type B

• Ranks 3rd most common in US (10)
• Surface antigen is B on RBCs
• Anti-A agglutinins/anti-bodies in plasma
• Give blood to B or AB blood types
• Receive from B or O blood types

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Type AB

• Least common blood type in US (4)
• Surface antigen are both A and B
• Have no anti-bodies towards A or B
• Give blood only to AB blood types
• Receive from every type (A, B, AB, O)
• Was once called Universal Recipient
• Now if AB blood, receive AB blood from donor

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Type O

• O positive most common in US (46 of population)
• Universal donor O negative
• Have no A or B agglutinogens or surface antigens
• Have both anti-A and anti-B anti-bodies in the
  plasma.
• Give to all blood types
• Receive only from O blood types

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Rh (D)

• Rh Positive
• Rh antigen is on the surface of RBCs
• Called Rh factor when present
• Rh Negative
• No Rh antigen exists
• Determines whether or not blood type is positive
  or negative

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Agglutination

• A process where the agglutinins attack the
  foreign agglutinogens or the foreign RBCs
• When attacked, cells will agglutinate or clump
  together
• Cross-Reaction
• Antibody meets specific surface antigen
• RBCs agglutinate and may hemolyze
• Make sure donor is compatible for transfusion
• If not may cause clots

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Example of Bad Transfusion

• If a person of type A blood receives type B
  blood, then that person would be at risk of many
  problems
• Erythrocyte Destruction
• May lead to death
• Blood clotting lungs, heart, brain, etc.
• Serious if blood given is in large amounts

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Testing for Compatibility

• Two steps
• Determine blood type
• Cross-match test
• Considers 3 surface antigens (A,B,Rh)
• Taking drops of blood and mixing them with
  separate solutions containing
• Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-Rh (D) antibodies
• Any cross reactions recorded

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Testing for Compatibility

• Cross-Match test
• Exposing donors RBCs to a sample of recipient's
  plasma under controlled conditions
• This reveals the presence of significant
  cross-reactions involving surface antigens other
  than A, B, or Rh,

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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

• A condition where the moms antibodies cross
  placenta and attack and destroy the fetus RBCs.
• Many forms are mild and undetected
• Rh surface antigen are dangerous
• May enter babys bloodstream

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HDN

• Rh negative mom
• Carries Rh positive child
• Bloods mix
• Stimulate moms immune system to produce anti-Rh
  antibodies
• 1st baby sensitized
• 2nd baby
• Rh positive then destroys RBCs and produces a
  dangerous anemia

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Inheritance

• Blood groups are inherited
• Blood Tests can be used
• Paternity tests
• Criminal Detection and Investigations
• Cannot prove one is guilty of a crime on its own,
  but can tell if not involved.

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Bibliography

• Daniels, Patricia. Understanding Science and
  Nature The Human Body. Time Life Inc.
  Virginia,1992.
• Martini, Fredric H., Ph.D. Fundamentals of
  Anatomy and Physiology Seventh Edition. Pearson
  Education Inc. San Francisco, 2006.

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Photo Images

• http//mac122.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/mendel-gifs/17-abo-
  blood-test.JPG
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/images/enc
  y/fullsize/9125.jpg
• http//www.vitalsigns-health.co.uk/Images/BloodTyp
  es.jpg