Birth rate

1
Birth rate

• Average birth rate in MEDCs13 per 1000
• Average birth rate in LEDCs27 per 1000
• Q1 give one economic reason for low birth rates
  in MEDCs
• Q2 give one social reason for low birth rates in
  MEDCs
• Q 3 give reasons why birth rates are high in many
  LEDCs

2
The number of live births per 1000 people per year

• A1 people can afford to use birth control
  children are expensive to raise women want to
  follow their careers
• A2 having one or two children is considered a
  normal family size women are well educated
• A3 reasons lack of family planning clinics in
  rural areas women are poorly educated and marry
  young some governments and religions do not
  approve of birth control children help with the
  family income by working

3
Death rate

• Average death rate in MEDCs10 per 1000
• Average death rate in LEDCs9 per 1000
• Q1 explain why death rates have declined almost
  everywhere in the world in the last 50 years
• Q2 Why are death rates in MEDCs similar to those
  in LEDCs despite better medical facilities in
  MEDCs?
• Q3 Name a country with an increasing death rate.
  Give a reason for this increase.

4
The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

• A1 due to improved medical knowledge and
  healthcare vaccination programmes improved
  access to clean water
• A2 in MEDCs there are more old people who are
  reaching the end of their natural life spans
  whereas there is a higher percentage
• A3 some African countries like Zimbabwe, Sierra
  Leone also Russia
• people in many southern African countries are
  badly affected by AIDS in other countries it is
  due to war in Russia due to poverty

5
Population structure

• Q1 Describe the shape of this population pyramid
• Q2 How does it show a young population structure?
• Q3 Name some problems caused by young population
  structures

6
The make up of a population by age and sex,
usually shown by a population pyramid

• A1 wide base, steep sides and narrow top
• A2 widest at the base, very narrow at the top
• A3 high population increase increased demands
  for food pressure on services such as education
  and health growth of big cities and urban
  problems unemployment and poverty environmental
  damage air and water pollution

7
Migration

• Q1. state the differences between the pairs of
  migration terms given in (a), (b) and (c).
• (a) Forced Voluntary
• (b) National International
• (c) Permanent Temporary
• Q2. What is meant by the terms refugee and
  economic migrant?

8
the movement of people from one place to another
to live

• A1. Apeople are driven out and forced migration
  whereas they choose to move in voluntary
  migration. Bnational is migration within a
  country whereas international is moving to
  another country. C permanent is staying
  forever in a new area or country whereas
  temporary means going back home at a later
  date.
• A2. A refugee is a person forced to flee from the
  country where they live due to natural disasters
  (e.g. flood, drought, volcanic eruption) or human
  factors (e.g. war). An economic migrant is
  someone who moves for work, such as Mexicans
  moving to America

9
Rural-to-urban migration

• Q1 Describe some of the push factors of rural
  areas in LEDCs.
• Q2 Describe some of the pull factors of urban
  areas in LEDCs

10
The movement of people from the countryside into
cities, most often in LEDCs

• A1. shortage of land not enough food drought
  soil erosion lack of services health,
  education
• A2. Jobs greater number more variety better
  paid.
• More services electricity schools hospitals
• Higher standard of loving with more modern
  facilities.

11
Urban-to-rural migration

• Q1. Name three problems for people living in
  large urban areas in MEDCs.
• Q2. Give two examples of urban decay in British
  cities.
• Q3. State two of the attractions of living in a
  small rural village in the UK.
• Q4. Why do some local people object to city
  people moving to their villages?

12
The movement of people from cities into the
countryside, most often in MEDCs

• A1. poor quality housing, traffic congestion,
  lack of open spaces, pollution from transport and
  visual pollution from old industries and
  docklands)
• A2. old, badly maintained terraced houses,
  derelict land such as old railway sidings,
  abandoned factories and warehouses
• A3. peace and quiet, clean air, good appearance,
  close to open country side.
• A4. house prices increase, shortage of houses for
  local people, no support for village services,
  traffic increases on country roads, pressure for
  new growth.

13
Hierarchy of settlements

• Q1. Name the rural settlements shown in the
  diagram?
• Q2. Describe what changes in settlement size,
  number of services and sphere of influence occur
  going up the hierarchy?

14

• A1. hamlet and village, perhaps a small town with
  a strong rural link.
• A2. number of services increase from none in a
  hamlet, to perhaps only a shop, pub and church in
  a village, to hundreds of shops and services in a
  large town cities and capital cities have
  additional services such as large hospitals and
  airports. Sphere of influence from serving the
  local area only (rural settlement) to drawing
  people from a large area to shop (urban
  settlement) for a capital city it is the whole
  country.

15
Urban morphology.

• Q1. State the shape of the urban model?
• Q2. describe and explain changes in land use from
  the centre to the edge of the city?

16
The shape (form) and structure of towns and cities

• A1. Circular urban zones around a central CBD.
• A2. Land use changes from being dominated by
  business in the centre to residential housing in
  the suburbs then it becomes less built-up in the
  rural-urban fringe. Cities grow from the centre
  outwards businesses such as shops and offices
  became more concentrated in the centre the
  centre is surrounded by places for people to
  live, with the newest housing usually near or
  beyond the city edge.

17
Urban zones the central business district (CBD)

• Q1. Describe the main characteristics of the CBD
• ?
• Q2. Why is it often easy to spot the CBD on a
  photo of a city?
• Q3. Name two land uses that cover larger areas in
  other urban zones than they do in the CBD.
• Q4. Explain why these land uses are less
  important in the CBD.

18
The zone in the city centre dominated by shops
and services

• A1. The largest concentration of offices and
  shops including department stores, with the
  widest variety of good for sale the main place
  of work by day rush-hour traffic congestion
  high rents and rates the point where main roads
  meet the most densely built-u ara.
• A2. The concentration of skyscrapers and other
  tall buildings.
• A3. Housing, industries and open spaces.
• A4. High demand for land makes it too expensive
  for these land uses rents and rates are too high
  for them/

19
Urban zones inner city.

• Q1. State some of the land uses found in the
  inner-city zone?
• Q2. Explain why many inner-city zones are places
  of urban decay?
• Q3. Name an example of a redeveloped inner-city
  area.
• Q4. Describe some of the changes made during the
  redevelopment of inner-city areas.

20
The old urban zone next to and surrounding the CBD

• A1. Old houses (mainly terraced) factories and
  warehouses derelict/waste land (e.g. railway
  sidings, old docks) tower blocks or flats.
• A2. many of the houses, factories, warehouses and
  railways were built more than 100 years ago when
  industry was more important modern businesses
  and builders of new houses prefer locations
  nearer city edges.
• A3. Docklands in London Albert Dock in
  Liverpool or a local example.
• A4. Warehouses converted into luxury flats docks
  changed into marinas waste land reclaimed for
  houses and businesses this is often called
  gentrification.

21
Brownfield sites.

• Q1. State three land uses shown in the photo?
• Q2. What shows that this is a Brownfield site?
• Q3. Why is it not a Greenfield site?

22
Areas of previously built up land that can now be
reused for building

• A1. Blocks of flats gas holders old
  warehouses/factory buildings equipment storage
  weed-covered waste land.
• A2. It is likely that land in the foreground has
  been cleared of buildings and abandoned as
  derelict old factory/warehouses partly bricked
  up suggests that it is no longer used and could
  be knocked down and land cleared for new
  buildings.
• A3. In wrong location (not rural) inner-city
  land like this must have been built on before
  greenery is from weeds, not farmland in the
  country-side.

23
Urbanisation

• Q1. The graph shows total world urban population.
  Describe the changes it shows?
• Q2. Give two reasons for high rates of
  urbanisation of LEDCs?

24
An increase in the percentage of people living in
urban areas

• A1. Total urban population doubles between 1970
  and 2010 most of the increase is in LEDCs the
  percentage living in LEDC cities increases from
  one half to two thirds of total urban population.
• A2. High rates of rural-urban migration due to
  push-pull factors, with more services and more
  varied work available in the big cities than in
  the countryside. High rates natural increases of
  population with many people of child-bearing age.