Photo: R' Gjrven

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Photo R. Gjørven
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Greywater treatment and reuse
Professor Dr. P. D. Jenssen Norwegian
University of Life Sciences (UMB)
Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Damascus
Syria, December 12. 2005
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Source separation of wastewater
(Alsen and Jenssen2005)
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Source separation of wastewater
(Alsen and Jenssen2005)
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Presentation overview

• Greywater production
• Nutrients in waste fractions
• Greywater composition
• Greywater treatment and reuse

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Nutrients and volume of domestic wastewater
fractions
(Vinnerås 2002).
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(Jenssen et al. 2005a)
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Greywater volumes per capita and day (average
from 18 investigations 4 in poor and 14 in rich
countries)
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Greywater volumes per capita and day
60 - 110 liter
25 - 90 liters
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Greywater composition
(Jenssen et al. 2005a)
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Greywater composition
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Greywater composition
BOD/COD/SS concentrations as for combined
wastewater Nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorus) substantially lower concentrations
than for combined wastewater Pathogens
(bacteria, viruses) substantially lower
concentrations than for combined wastewater
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Total nitrogen concentrations in greywater STE
(mg/l)
Average 8,4 mg/l
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Total nitrogen concentrations in greywater Norway
(mg/l)
Drinking water (WHO) 10,0 mg/l
Average 8,4 mg/l
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Total phosphorus concentrations in greywater
Norway (mg/l)
Average 1,03 mg/l
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Greywater constituents relative concern

• nitrogen
• phosphorus
• of the organic matter
• bacteria virus?

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Greywater treatment options
(Illustration Jenssen et al. 2005)
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Greywater treatment options
(Illustration Jenssen et al. 2005a)
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Package treatment - Rotating biological
contactors
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BOD reduction
Bacteria reduction
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) Phota P.D. Jenssen
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Membrane filtration of greywater
) Phota P.D. Jenssen
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Greywater treatment options
(Illustration Jenssen et al. 2005a)
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Ponds at Tingvall conference center- Sweden

• Three ponds in series removes
• BOD 90
• Total P 85
• Total N 74
• Bacteria normally good

( http//www.tingvalleko.com/ )
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Syria
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Greywater treatment options
(Illustration Jenssen et al. 2005a)
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Infiltration systems
Open systems - infiltration in ponds
Subsurface (buried) systems - infiltration
trenches
Illustrations Jenssen and Siegrist 1991 Photos
P.D. Jenssen
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Infiltration systems - loading rates
Open systems - infiltration in ponds
10 - 100 cm/d
Subsurface (buried) systems - infiltration
trenches
1 - 5 cm/d
Illustrations Jenssen and Siegrist 1991 Photos
P.D. Jenssen
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Loading rate assessment diagramMd/So (Meso)
diagram
K (m/d) L.R. (cm/d) 2 - 5 1.0
gt5 2.0
(Jenssen Siegrist 1991)
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Large open infiltration system in a sand deposit
Photo K. Robertsen
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Large buried infiltration system in a sand deposit
Photo K. Robertsen
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Subsurface infiltration and sandfilter

Sandfilter
Trench
Mound
Photo P.D. Jenssen
PDJ 1999
Photos P.D. Jenssen
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A mound system
Peilerør

PDJ 1999
(Jenssen and Heistad 2000)
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Syria
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Buried infiltration systems

(Siegrist et al. 2000)
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Buried infiltration systems

Organic matter Bacteria Virus
?
(Siegrist et al. 2000)
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Water treatment by filtration through sand
(Photo P.D. Jenssen)
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Infiltration systems bacteria removal
Soil surface
Bacteria/100ml or 100g of soil
Depth cm
Infiltration trench
E coli
Total coli
Total bacteria
Total coli
Cloggede zone
(McCoy and Ziebell 1975)
Background levels 30 cm below the trench
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Treatment processes in natural systems
Biological
Chemical
Mechanical
Illustration P.D. Jenssen
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Reduction of organic matterbiofilm media in
activated sludge conventional systems

K1
K2
Natrix O
d 9 mm
d 15 mm
d 60 mm
Biofilm media surface area 310 - 500 m2/m3
Kaldnes TM
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Reduction of organic matter Porous media as
biofilm carrier
Sand
Lightweight aggregate
Particle size 0.06 - 2 mm
Particle size 2-5mm
Photo P.D. Jenssen
Surface area gtgt 5000m2/m
Surface area gt 5000m2/m
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Infiltration systems treatment
efficiency BOD gt 90 Total P gt90 Total
N 30 - 90 Bacteria - very good
(Photo P.D. Jenssen)
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Greywater treatment options
(P.D. Jenssen et al. 2005a)
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Constructed wetlandwith subsurface flow
(Illustration T. Mæhlum)
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Constructed wetland with integrated and separate
pretreatment filter
( Jenssen and Heistad 2000)
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Constructed wetland for one dwellling with WC
(Illustration Maxit Group)
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The size of the horisontal subsurface flow
wetland section based on 15 years of
P-sorption
Domestic WW 7 - 9 m3/person Greywater 2-
3 m3/person
7
40 m2/family
(Illustration Maxit Group)
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Greywater - 1/4 the area of greywater WC
(Photo P.D. Jenssen)
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Greywater treatment
Pretreatment biofilter
Pump/siphon
Septic tank
Level control sampling port
Horizontal subsurface flow wetland filter
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Constructed wetland at Dal primary school Norway
Photos P.D. Jenssen
Parameter Influent Effluent mg/l
mg/l Total - P 2,9 0,2 Total
- N 29,0 12,0 COD 129
24 SS lt 5 T. coli. /100ml lt 2
(Jenssen et al. 2005b)
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Agricultural use of water and nutrients from
constructed wetlands

Photo P.D. Jenssen
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Constructed wetland flow direction/purificatio
n
High quality effluent
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Pretreatment biofilter performance
Dome with TF- nozzle
BOD removal 70 - 80 Complete nitrification Total
-N removal 5-40 SS 60 - 70 Bacteria
reduction up to 5 logs
2m
Grain size 2 - 10 mm Depth 50 - 60
cm Area 0,3 - 2,0m2/person
(Jenssen et al. 2005b)
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(No Transcript)
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Pretreatment biofilter
Porous media
LWA Diam 2,5 mm
Surface area gt 5000m2/m3
Bacteria on LWA surface
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Pretreatment biofilter removal of virus

Bacteriophage PRD 1 adsorbed to the biofilm
surface
Surface area gt 5000m2/m3
Monodisperse particles (1um) Ingested by
micro- organism
(Heistad 2005)
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Studentboliger Kaja
Student dormitories in Norway

• 48 students
• Vacuum toilets
• Local greywater treatment

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Greywater treatment student housing
NorwayEffluent values
Total - P 0,04 mg/l Total - N
2,2mg/l BOD 3,9 mg/l Termotolerant
coli lt100
PBF
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
Wetland
48 students Wetland area 2 m2/student
Foto P. Jenssen
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• Torvetua Norway
• 42 condominiums
• vacuumtoilets
• Local greywater treatment

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Torvetua - Local greywater treatment
Treatment results BOD lt10 mg/l Phosphorus
0,2 mg/l gt 80 Nitrogen 3,0 mg/l
40 - 70 Bacteria swimming water quality
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Kuching Malaysia
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Pilot project Hui Sing Garden Greywater treatment
Photo P.D. Jenssen
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Greywater treatment
Pretreatment biofilter
Pump/siphon
Septic tank
Level control sampling port
Horizontal subsurface flow wetland filter
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Final discharge
1st chamber of oil and grease trap
Pump sump
Photo Y. Fevang
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Photo P.D. Jenssen
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Greywater treatment - Malaysia
(Jenssen et al. 2005 c)

• Preliminary results
• BOD lt 2 mg/l
• Total N 2.2 mg/l
• Total P 1.9
• Faecal coliforms 50/100ml

Photo P.D. Jenssen
Photo P.D. Jenssen
Photo Y. Fevang
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Greywater treatment in urban areas - OSLO NORWAY
Klosterenga
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Klosterenga oversikt
Greywater treatment in OSLO

• 33 apartments
• 100 persons
• Area 1m2/person

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Klosterenga oversikt
Greywater treatment in OSLO
Pretreatment Biofilter (PBF)

• 33 apartments
• 100 persons
• Area 1m2/person

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Klosterenga oversikt
Greywater treatment in OSLO
Pretreatment Biofilter (PBF)
Horisontal subsurface flow CW

• 33 apartments
• 100 persons
• Area 1m2/person

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Greywater treatment Klosterenga Oslo

• Pretreatment biofilter
• 10 domes
• 60 cm 2-4mm LWA

• Horizontal subsurface flow filter
• 100 m3 FiltralitePTM
• 1,8 m deep

(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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PBF
Pretreatment biofilter (PBF) Klosterenga - under
construction
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Greywater treatment at
Klosterenga Oslo Effluent values Termotolerant
coliform bacteria 0 Total-N 2,5
mg/l Total-P 0,02 mg/l P-sorption
capacity approx. 50 years
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Inhouse use ?
Greywater treatment at
Klosterenga Oslo Effluent values Fecal
coliforms 0 Total-N
2,5 mg/l Total-P 0,02 mg/l
(Jenssen and Vråle 2004)
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Local discharge
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Irrigation
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Photos P.D. Jenssen
Groundwater recharge
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Conclusions

• Compact reliable RBC systems are available for
  decentralized greywater treatment
• Investment and maintenance costs are high
• Can produce water for recycling

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Conclusions

• Infiltration are well suited for greywater
  disposal and treatment and much experience exist
• Infitration systems have very low investment and
  operational cost
• Infiltration systems have excellent bacteria
  removal capability and recharge groundwater
  aquifers

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Conclusions

• A simple vertical flow biofilter followed by a
  horizontal flow wetland filter is developed for
  greywater treatment
• The area requirement is 1-2 m2/ person which
  facilitates use in urban settings
• High quality effluent that meets swimmig water
  standard with respect to indicator bacteria is
  produced
• The effluent is suitable for irrigation
  groundwater recharge or local discharge
• The effluent constitute an excellent raw water
  for upgrading to inhouse use.

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Thank you! www.ecosan.no
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Ecosan educationThe Norwegian University of Life
Sciences

• MSc programs
• Short courses
• www.ecosan.no

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Main references

• Jenssen P.D., J. Heeb, K. Gnanakan and K.
  Conradi 2005. Ecosan Curriculum, GTZ/UNEP, in
  preparation.
• Jenssen P.D., T. Mæhlum, T. Krogstad and Lasse
  Vråle. 2005b. Treatment Performance of Multistage
  Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in
  Cold Climate. Journal of Environmental Science
  and Health. Vol 40 (6-7) 1343-1353.
• Jenssen P.D., L. Seng , B. Chong, T. H. Huang4,
  Y. Fevang, I. Skadberg, 2005c. An urban
  ecological sanitation pilot study in humid
  tropical climate. Proc. 3rd. International
  conference on ecological sanitation. Durban,
  South Africa pp 257-265.
• Siegrist, R.L., Tyler, E.J., Jenssen, P.D. 2000.
  Design and peformance of onsite wastwater soil
  absorption systems. Paper presented at National
  Research Needs Conference Risk-Based Decision
  Making for Onsite Wastewater Treatment, St.
  Louis, Missouri, 19-20 May 2000. USEPA, Electic
  Power Research Inst. Community Env. Center,
  National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity
  Development Project.
• Vinnerås, B. 2002. Possibilities for sustainable
  nutrient recycling by faecal separation combined
  with urine diversion. Agraria 353 - Doctoral
  thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural
  Sciences, Uppsala.

• Alsén K.W. and P.D. Jenssen 2005. Ecological
  Sanitation for mankind and future. Information
  folder prepared for the UN-conference CSD-13 New
  York April. www.ecosan.no
• Heistad A. 2005. Virus removal in porous media.
  PhD thesis under preparation. Department of
  Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian
  University of Life Sciences, Ås Norway.
• Jenssen, P.D. and R.L. Siegrist 1991. Integrated
  loading rate determinations for wastewater
  infiltration systems sizing. On-site wastewater
  treatment. Proc. 6th Symposium on Individual and
  Small Community Sewage Systems. 16-17 Dec. 1991
  Chichago Illinois. ASAE Publ. 10-91, pp. 182-191.
  
• Jenssen P.D. and A. Heistad. 2000. Natuyrbasert
  avløpsteknologi. Kompendium. Department of
  Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian
  University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway.
• Jenssen, P. D. and L. Vråle. 2004. Greywater
  treatment in combined biofilter/constructed
  wetlands in cold climate In C. Werner et al.
  (eds.). Ecosan closing the loop. Proc. 2nd int.
  symp. ecological sanitation, Lübeck Apr. 7-11.
  2003, GTZ, Germany, pp875-881.