Reproduction methods

1
Reproduction methods
2
Outline of the day

• Turn in your lab reports at the front
• More than 10 minutes late bad
• Any questions on last weeks lab?
• Quiz
• Introduction to the lab
• Lab!
• Check out
• Get a stamp
• Make sure I mark you down for attendance

3
Quiz

• Ends 8 minutes after its started
• Ends at ____

4
Lab this week!

• Exploring reproduction!
• Asexual vs. sexual reproduction
• Seeing various organisms and their reproductive
  structures
• Looking at the spread of STDs
• Analyzing your bacterial plates from last time

5
Sex Yes or No?

• No Asexual
• Reproduction without gametes
• One parent
• Yes Sexual
• Reproduction with gametes
• Two parents

6
What types of asexual reproduction are there?

• Fission
• Single celled organisms only
• One cell divides into two or more cells

Image PD from NIH, obtained from
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageEscherichiaColi
_NIAID.jpg
7
Asexual reproduction

• Budding
• Small outgrowth of parent
• E.g. hydra
• Gemmulation
• Formation of a new individual from an aggregation
  of cells surrounded by a protective layer
• E.g. freshwater sponge

Missing image Hydra budding
Missing image Sponge with gemmule.
8
Asexual reproduction, ctd.

• Fragmentation / regeneration
• animal breaking into 2 or more parts, each
  capable of becoming a whole organism
• E.g. brittle star or sea star

Missing image Sea star or brittle star
regenerating a lost limb.
Sea star regernating limb - cc by ancnd by
Boogies with Fish http//flickr.com/photos/boogies
withfish/434421599/
9
Asexual reproduction, ctd.

• Parthenogenesis
• Development from an unfertilized egg
• E.g. aphids

Missing image Aphid life cycle.
aphid - cc ancnd by teejaybee at
http//flickr.com/photos/teejaybee/881035777/
10
Sexual reproduction

• Production of offspring formed by union of
  gametes from two genetically different parents
• Hickman, 1988

black beetle sex - cca by photogirl7 at
http//flickr.com/photos/kitkaphotogirl/861090078/
dragonfly sex - cca by sahua at
http//flickr.com/photos/sahua/234017059/ red
beetle sex - ccncd by Thundershead at
http//flickr.com/photos/thundershead/407886828/
11
Types of sexual reproduction

• Biparental
• Separate male and female individuals produce male
  and female gametes
• Hermaphroditic
• Single individual can produce both male and
  female gametes

12
Types of hermaphrodites

• Simultaneous hermaphrodites
• Individuals can produce both male and female
  gametes at the same time
• (sometimes can self-fertilize)
• Sequential hermaphrodites
• Individuals can produce either male or female
  gametes, but not both, at any given time
• But can switch sex
• Clownfish (aka Nemo!)
• Largest individual is a female
• Second largest is a reproductive male
• Most of the others in the group are
  non-reproductive
• Nemos mom disappeared what should have
  happened?

Missing image Picture of Nemo
13
Lets break for our exercise!

• Were going to look at the transmission of
  disease between individuals
• Well do this using a model system (test tubes!)
• There are a number of bottles on the table one
  of them is infected with a disease
• Well have contact between individuals to
  spread the disease, then at the end see whos
  infected
• Well do this two times

14
First time!

• Get a test tube, a transfer pipette, and a bottle
• Fill your test tube half-full with liquid from
  your bottle (using the pipette)
• Find one person, and have contact with them
• Transfer one pipettes worth of fluid into their
  tube, while they simultaneously do the same
• Find another person and have contact with them
• Add the indicator
• Yellow / clear not infected
• Red infected!
• Who was infected?

15
Second time!

• Get a NEW test tube, a NEW transfer pipette, and
  a NEW bottle
• Fill your test tube half-full with liquid from
  your bottle (using the pipette)
• Find one person, and have contact with them
• Transfer one pipettes worth of fluid into their
  tube, while they simultaneously do the same
• Find another person and have contact with them
• Find another person and have contact with them
• Find another person and have contact with them
• Add the indicator
• Yellow / clear not infected
• Red infected!
• Who was infected?

16
Plant reproduction!
17
Vascular, seed producing plants
Angiosperms (flowering)
Non-flowering (Gymnosperms)
All images by Marc Perkins except bonzai conifer
by andrew k at http//flickr.com/photos/andrew_k/5
07635592/
18
Not all plants produce seeds

• Ferns (Pterophyta) and fern allies
• No seeds only produce spores
• Requires water to have gametes combine
• Has vascular tissue

Sporophytes make spores (1n) on the bottom of the
leaves
Gametophytes (1n) grow from spores, make gametes
Sporophyte (2n)
fern sori - ccancnd by Squash713 at
http//flickr.com/photos/benhenderson/442016333/ f
erns - ccancnd by mr_wahlee at http//flickr.com/p
hotos/mr_wahlee/653329699/ Fern prothallus PD by
Velela at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageDixon
ia_prothallus.jpg
19
Not all plants are vascular
Sporophytes (2n)

• Mosses, hornworts, liverworts
• (Bryophyta, Anthocertophyta, Hepaticophyta)
• The plant as we know it is actually a
  gameteophyte
• Its haploid (1n) equivalent to our sperm and
  eggs!
• Lack conducting vessels (no true roots / stems)

Gametophytes (1n)
Photo by Marc Perkins
20
Notes on the slides

• Paramecium a single-celled protist
• Reproduces via fission (mitosis)
• Volvox a colonial protist
• Made up of hundreds of cells
• Reproduces either seuxally or asexually
• Rhizopus
• A type of fungus (zygomycete)
• Reproduces either sexually (via zygospores, which
  are created when two fungal cells join) or
  asexually (via a sporangium)
• Spores are released into the environment to be
  distributed
• Club fungi a fungus
• Sexually reproduces by fusion of fungal cells
• Creates a fruiting body that produces spores
• AKA Mushroom!

21
Volvox aureus

• Small green dots are cells of the colony
• Large green circles are daughter colonies

CC image http//flickr.com/photos/algreer/1708773
8/
22
Rhizopus

• Sporangia

• Zygospore

CC image from http//flickr.com/photos/jennaw/254
291912/
CC image from http//flickr.com/photos/jennaw/254
291825/
CC image from http//flickr.com/photos/jennaw/254
292087/
23
Before you leave

• Clean up your work area
• Show me your lab report so I can stamp it
• Need to have all data fields filled in
• Complete at home and then turn in at the
  beginning of next lab
• Remember that well have a quiz at the beginning
  of the next class
• 6-7 questions on todays lab
• 3-4 questions on the lab well do next week

24
Notes for the instructor

• Add any relevant cleanup instructions to the
  final slide (that slide is a generic one Im
  adding to each presentation).
• I wanted to add a bit more flavor and detail to
  this weeks lab (as the content is very abstract
  to a new biologist), so have added a long
  introduction on various types of reproduction.
  Its long, however, so it may be overboard
  (especially if youre not too excited about it).

25
License information

• This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
  Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License.
  To view a copy of this license, visit
  http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/u
  s/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171
  Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco,
  California, 94105, USA.
• The slides in this presentation were originally
  created by Marc C. Perkins (http//faculty.orangec
  oastcollege.edu/mperkins).
• You are free to use, modify, and distribute these
  slides according to the terms of the Creative
  Commons license (e.g., you must attribute the
  slides, no commercial uses are allowed, and
  future distributions must be licensed under a
  similar license).
• Attribution should be given to Marc C. Perkins
  (and any later editors), including a link back to
  Marcs current website. This applies both while
  distributing the slides and during use of the
  slides attribution during use can be satisfied
  by, for instance, placing small text on at least
  one of the slides that has been shown (see below
  for an example).

Slides in this presentation based on those
created by Marc C. Perkins. http//faculty.orangec
oastcollege.edu/mperkins
26
History

• August 2007 Marc Perkins released first version.
  http//faculty.orangecoastcollege.edu/mperkins

(If you modify these slides and redistribute
them, add your information to the list)
27
Extra images
28
Amanita muscaria
CC Image from http//flickr.com/photos/algreer/26
5844261/in/set-399116/
29
Paramecium
CC image from http//flickr.com/photos/nebarnix/3
09954509/