Human Growth and Development Chapters 1719 Early Adulthood Ages 2035

1
Human Growth and DevelopmentChapters 17-19Early
Adulthood (Ages 20-35)
2

• Death from disease is rare
• violent death more likelyhomicide, suicide, MVAs
  account for 43 of deaths, especially for males

3
Signs of Senescence

• Senescence is the gradual physical decline that
  occurs with age
• Organs First visible changes are in skin--loses
  elasticity
• Graying hair and male pattern baldness begin
  around age 30

4

• Women are generally healthier and have better
  health habits (eat better, use seat belts, less
  drug use, get preventative care, brush teeth
  more)
• few fatal diseases
• live at least 5 years longer than men, on average
• Only two ways females are at a health
  disadvantage
• undernourishment
• reproductive systems problems

5

• Aging makes it more difficult to recover from
  physical stress
• What a 20-year-old can do is more difficult for a
  35-year-old and more consequences for the
  elderly

6
Fertility

• Peak time of fertility for women before age 30
  for men before age 40
• infertilityfailure to conceive after a year of
  intercourse without contraception
• Between 2 percent and 30 percent of all couples
  experience infertility
• males and females equally likely to be the
  source of infertility

7

• With age, less likely to produce pregnancy, more
  likely to have complications like spontaneous
  abortion, stillbirth, chromosomal abnormalities
• Also more likely to produce dizygotic twins

8

• Medical Advances
• in vitro fertilization (IVF)ova surgically
  removed, fertilized by sperm in lab, and allowed
  to divide until zygote reaches 8- or 16-cell
  stage and then placed into the uterus hoping one
  or more will implant
• helps with ovulation or sperm problems
• 30 success rate
• Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)egg and
  sperm are united in the fallopian tube and then
  progress to hopefully implant in the uterus

9
Dieting as a Disease

• Nutrition in teens and young adults is a concern
• Dieting is common among girls, not unusual for
  boys
• One in 20 teenagers takes dieting too seriously
  and has an eating disorder

10
Anorexia Nervosa

• Restriction of eating and/or excessive exercise
  to the point of emaciation and possible
  starvation
• 1 of population higher in athletes, especially
  gymnasts, runners, dancers
• Up to 20 die due to damage to organs from
  malnutrition

11
Bulimia Nervosa

• Repeated episodic binge eating followed by
  purging
• vomiting or excessive laxative use
• 3 times more common than anorexiaup to 3
• More likely average weight and not starve to
  death
• Health complications like damage to the GI system
  and cardiac arrest due to electrolyte imbalance

12
Drug Abuse and Addiction

• Drug addictionphysiological or psychological
  drive to ingest more of a drug
• addiction begins with use
• Young adults more likely to be addicts (though
  use often starts in adolescence)
• Abuse often ends by age 30
• 69 end marijuana use
• 67 end cocaine use
• 11 end alcohol use
• the exception is tobacco use (decline by age 60)

13
Psychopathology

• Many young adults struggle with serious emotional
  difficulties
• 12 percent experience at least one episode of
• depression, schizophrenia, or pathological rage
• made worse if using drugs or alcohol (which is
  often done to self-medicate)

14

• Some difficulties may originate in childhood
• parents abusive, neglectful, or erratic
• death of mother or alcoholism of father
• Typically, childhood disturbances, biological
  problems, and environmental stress are all
  involved

15
Depression

• Between ages 20 and 35, at least 15 percent of
  women and 8 percent of men suffer from at least
  one severe episode of depression
• Symptoms include loss of interest or pleasure,
  sadness, low energy, sleep and eating
  disturbances, suicidal ideation
• Major depression is fueled biochemically
• neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, NE) and
  hormones
• Remission is likely with treatment that includes
  both cognitive therapy and medication

16
Schizophrenia

• 1 percent of all adults experience at least one
  episode of schizophrenia
• Symptoms include disorganized/bizarre thoughts,
  delusions, hallucinations
• Begins in adolescence usually
• Caused by genes and severe early trauma such as
  anoxia at birth
• Medication seems to be most effective if person
  understands disease

17
Violence

• In U.S., 1 male in every 100 between the ages of
  15 and 25 dies violently
• motor vehicle accident, homicide, or suicide
• Worldwide, young men more likely to die violently
  than women (especially between ages of 20 and 25)
• 4 times as many commit suicide
• 4 times as many die in MVAs
• 6 times as many are murdered

18
FYI Statistics on Sex in America

• Fidelity is more common than many think over 71
  had only one sexual partner during the past year
  12 had no sexual partners only 3 had 5 or more
  partners more than half (53) had only one
  partner in the last 5 years
• 15 of married women and 24.5 of married men
  report having had an affair
• The median number of sex partners since age 18
  reported by men was 6 and by women, 2
• The average American has sex 6 or 7 times a month
  (women 6.3 men 6.5)

19

• 40 of married couples and 56 of cohabitating
  couples have intercourse twice a week or more
• Married and cohabitating couples report greater
  enjoyment of their sex lives than singles
• Men are more likely to have an orgasm during sex
  (75 of men and 29 of women) 4 of women and 1
  of men report NEVER having had an orgasm
• The majority of men and women spend between 15
  minutes and one hour having sex.
• 54 of men and 19 of women report thinking of
  sex everyday or more
• Most appealing sex practices include vaginal
  intercourse, watching your mate undress, and
  oral sex

20

• 22 of women report having been forced to perform
  a sexual act 96 knew their aggressor
• The belief that opposites attract is false.
  Married couples report many similar traits 93
  were the same race 75 were within 5 year in
  age 82 had similar educational backgrounds 72
  were of the same religion
• 47.6 of women and 40 of men do not believe sex
  has to be reserved for marriage, but insist
  partners should love and be faithful to one
  another
• 40 of men and 16 of women purchased some type
  of erotica in the last year
• Based on Sex in America research project on a
  sample of 3,432 Americans
• Schrof, J.M., Wagner, B. (1994). Sex in
  America. US News World Report, 74-81.

21
Postformal Thought

• Adult thinking and adolescent thinking differ in
  3 ways, with adult thinking more
• practical
• flexible
• dialectical (considering opposites and
  integrating both)
• These 3 together are considered the postformal
  stage of cognitive development
• Matures by age 25 or 30

22
The Effects of College

• The weight of evidence suggests that college
• advances income
• promotes health
• deepens thinkingraises ethical questions and
  promotes moral and flexible thinking
• increases tolerance of different political,
  social, and religious views
• dropout ratesonly half of freshmen graduate with
  a Bachelors only 20 of CC students earn a
  degree usually dropout due to cost not inability

23
Psychosocial Development Love and Work

• Two basic needs affiliation and achievement
• Maslow hierarchy of needsinclude these 2 basic
  (physiological, safety), psychological
  (love/belonging, success/esteem),
  self-fulfillment (self-actualization)
• Erikson intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs.
  stagnation

24
Friendship

• Better than the family in buffering against
  stress, as guide to self-awareness, and as a
  source of positive feelings like joy

25
Gender Differences in Friendship

• Conversations and Expectations
• women engage in self-disclosure
• men talk about external matterssports, politics,
  work
• female-female pattern may better reduce
  loneliness and self-absorption
• male-male pattern may be more effective and
  efficient, especially in work situations

26

• Friendships Between Men and Women
• cross-sex friendships allow learning about common
  humanity and let people help each other gain
  skills
• problems may arise when a platonic relationship
  is sexualized or there are conflicts of
  expectations
• Same sex friendships may be most effective and
  efficient
• especially in the workplace

27

• Cohabitation does not necessarily benefit the
  participants
• one study found people who cohabitate much less
  happy and healthy, and less satisfied with
  financial status than are married couples
• in another study, cohabiting relationships were 3
  times as likely to be abusive than marriages
• in a third, compared to single adults,
  cohabitants are likelier to have alcohol problems
• divorce rate is higher in couples who cohabitate
  before getting married

28
Marriage

• Worldwide research says married people are
  happier, healthier, and richer

29
Domestic Violence

• Violence in intimate relationships has multiple
  causes
• social pressures that create stress, cultural
  values, personality pathologies, and drug and
  alcohol addiction
• common couple violence1 or both partners engage
  in verbal and physical attack
• intimate terrorism1 partner systematically
  isolates, degrades, and punishes the other

30

• Intimate terrorism less prevalent than common
  couple violence
• Perpetrator usually anti-social and violent in
  many ways
• Leads to battered-wife syndrome, with woman not
  simply physically beaten but broken socially and
  psychologically

31
Children and Divorce

• Children make divorce more complicated
• Financial burdens for both parents as two
  households are costly
• Financial burden of child rearing fall more on
  custodial parent (usually mother)
• Only one-half of fathers pay full child support