Unit 1 Fight with the Forces of Nature

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Unit 1 Fight with the Forces of Nature

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Title: Unit 1 Fight with the Forces of Nature

1
Unit 1 Fight with the Forces of Nature
2
Text A The Icy Defender

Text organization
Part one Paras 1-2 IntroductionBoth Napoleons
and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of
the severity of the Russian winter.
Part two Paras 3-11 Napoleons military campaign
against Russia
Part three Paras 12-20 Hitlers military campaign
against the Soviet Union
Part four Paras 21 ConclusionThe elements of
nature must be reckoned with in any military
campaign.

3
Pre-reading activities

Cultural Notes
Background Information
Throughout the history of mankind, there have
been many conquerors
Chengis Khan spent his entire life conquering
neighboring peoples and expanding the Mongolian
Empire.
Many Roman Emperors did the same for the Rome
empireso much so that at one time they ruled
modern-day Great Britain.
Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had their
rise and fall in the distant past.
This text will focus on Napoleon and Hitler.

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Pre-reading activities

2. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Emperor of the French
One of the greatest military commanders of all
time
conquered the larger part of Europe.
During 1802-1815 Napoleon tried to gain control
of the whole of Europe
except Britain, whose navy under Nelson defeated
the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in
1805.

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Pre-reading activities

3. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
German political
military leader
one of the 20th centurys most powerful dictators
a fully militarized society
launched World War 2
dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa
idea of racial purity.

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Pre-reading activities

4. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
General secretary of the Communist Party
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
a modern economic and military power
repelled Hitlers armies in World War 2
rivaled the United States during the Cold War
period.

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Pre-reading activities

5. World War 2 (1939-1945)
A war whose European operations took place
between
the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan)
the Allies (Britain, France, and later the USSR
and the USA).
The picture on the right is a map indicating the
situations in this period.

11
6. Discussion

Man or nature, which one is more powerful? (20)
1) Instances where man conquers nature.
2) Instances of the forces of nature are too
powerful to be resisted.

1. http//222.92.21.147/sudaceo/Article_Show.asp?A
rticleID1463
2. http//www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnatur
e/interactive/index.html

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Pre-reading activities

Par 1 Read the quotations listed on the right
column. Try to learn them by heart if you can.
And think the question that human being and
nature, which one is more powerful, then air your
viewpoint in the class.

Nature, to be commanded, must be
obeyed.Francis Bacon
Accuse not Nature, she hath done her part Do
thou but thine.John Milton
The first casualty when war comes is
truth.Hiram Warren Johnson

14
Pre-reading activities

Part 2 Pre-reading questions
What does the icy defender refer to?
What did Napoleon expect when he assembled his
army to attack Russia?
What did the Russians do in the face of
Napoleons offensive? What strategy did the
Russians adopt?
What did Napoleon discover after he occupied
Moscow?
What happened to Napoleons army when it was
retreating from Moscow?
How many soldiers were there left after the army
limped to Vilna?
What did Napoleon do when Paris was captured?

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Pre-reading activities

Keys
The icy defender refers to the severe winter of
Moscow.
He expected a quick victory, predicted the
conquest of Russia in five weeks.
The Russians treated eastward, burning their
crops and homes as they went.
He found that the occupation of the city was an
empty victory.
The Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the
French.
Less than one hundred thousand were left.
He abdicated and went into exile.

16
Part 1 Language Study

In the case of as far asis concerned
e.g. The rise in interest rate will be disastrous
in the case of small firms.
Formal training will take at least 3 years
in the case of interior decoration.
Stand\get\be in the way prevent from doing sth.
e.g. Many teachers complain that they cant make
any improvement in teaching methods as the
existing exam system is in the way.
Fierce competition keeps getting in the
way of kids development.

3. Raw
cold and wet not cooked, refined, processed,
organized or analyzed
e.g. The events took place on a raw February
morning.
This cutting board is only used to cut raw
meat.
Industrial plants processed the raw
material into finished products for export and
for domestic consumption.
4. Launch start send on its course
e.g. Beginning in the early 1960s, humans
launched probes to explore other planets.
Soviet launched the worlds first
artificial satellite on Oct 4,1957.

5. Campaign a series of military operations or
planned activities with a particular aim
e.g. Hitlers advisers tried to persuade him to
avoid the risks of a winter campaign in the
Soviet Union and wait until spring.
6. Efficient able to work well or producing a
satisfactory result without wasting time or
resources
e.g. Remote terminals in the home, connected to
data bands, make the home the most efficient
place to work in many case.
To cut back on fossil fuels, we should
build more efficient cars.

7. Conquest conquering, defeat
e.g. The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of
Poland by Germany.
Hitler assumed the conquest of USSR would
be simple.
8. Decisive producing a definite result or
conclusion having or showing the ability to
decide quickly
e.g. Most of the decisive land campaigns of World
War 1 occurred on the continent of Europe.
Lincoln took decisive measure to end
slavery.
The adoption of the euro is widely viewed
as a decisive step toward a single European
government.

9. Retreat move back or withdraw when faced with
danger or difficulty
e.g. After a fierce battle, the troops retreated
southward.
We adopted the following strategies when
the enemy advances, we retreat when they
retreat, we pursue.
10. Be\get bogged down be unable to make
progress
e.g. Most of the tanks were bogged down because
of mechanical defects and inexperienced crews.
The local government got bogged down in
problems of how to handle the emission of
hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.

11. Engage begin fighting with sb take part in
or do occupy or attract sbs interest, ect.
e.g. The commander ordered the soldiers to engage
the enemy immediately.
I have no time to engage in gossip.
We failed to engage any active support for
our project.
12. Be faced with have to deal with
e.g. I am faced with the awful job of breaking
the news to the boys family
The assistants were faced with the huge
task of listing all the books.

13. Crucial very important (followed by to)
e.g. Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory
in the crucial final game.
Improved consumer confidence is crucial to
economic recovery.
14. Take a gamble take a risk
e.g. The company took a gamble by cutting the
price of their products, and it paid off.
I think shes taking a gamble investing
all her money in stocks.

15. Press on\ahead continue doing sth. in a
determined way
e.g. Our school authorities are keen to press on
with educational reform.
Organizers of the strike are determined to
press on.
16. Occupation the seizure and control of a
country or areasones trade, profession, or
business
e.g. During the Japanese occupation of China,
millions of innocent Chinese people were killed
by Japanese soldiers.
Many schools have struggled to meet the
educational requirements of new technology-based
occupations.

17. Bide ones time wait patiently for a chance
e.g. His political rivals are biding their time
for an attack on his policies.
He bided his time until Harvard University
offered him a professorship.
18. Minus below zero made less by slightly
lower than the mark stated
e.g. Tomorrows temperature will be as low as
minus ten degrees centigrade.
I got B minus in the final examination
which made me very upset.

19. Drag on move slowly and with effort
continue endlessly and tediously
e.g. These compensation cases have already
dragged on for one year.
How much longer is the meeting going to
drag on?
20. Stroke any of a series of repeated
movements single successful or effective action
or occurrence blow
e.g. I saw a chance of solving all my problems at
a stroke.
He drove in a nail with one stroke of the
hammer.
He won a car in the lottery last week.
Thats his first stroke of good luck.

21. At the cost of with the loss of
e.g. Berman saved Johnson at the cost of his own
life.
The local government developed its economy
but at the cost of environment.
22. Limp walk with difficulty, especially when
one foot or leg is hurt
e.g. That dog must be hurtits limping.
I injured my ankle and had to limp.
During the race he fell down but he kept
to limp on.

23. Weaken (cause to) become weak or weaker
e.g. The Asian financial crisis severely weakened
some countries.
Pneumonia often proves fatal to people
with a weakened immune system.
24. Alliance a union or an association formed
for mutual benefit, esp. between countries or
organizations
e.g. NATO is considered as the most powerful
military alliance in modern history.
Japan and Germany made their formal
alliance in 1940.

25. Invasion an entering or being entered by an
attacking military force
e.g. The country remained free from invasion for
60 years.
On Hitlers orders, the invasion of Poland
began on September 1,1939.
26. Declaration formally announcing a formal
announcement (followed by of)
e.g. The Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941
without a declaration of war.
The opening speeches sounded like
declarations of war.

27. Catch sb. Off guard take sb. by surprise
e.g. The invitation to his wedding caught me off
guard.
The manager didnt know what to say, it
was clear that my question had caught him off
guard.
28. Instruct give orders or directions to
somebody
e.g. The family has instructed solicitors to sue
Thomson for compensation.
The professor instructed us that we had
one month to conduct the project.
He instructed family members in nursing
techniques.

29. Render cause (sb.\sth) to be in a specified
condition
e.g. Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by
the earthquake.
The drug will render the tiger harmless for
up to two hours.
He was rendered unconscious by a blow on
the back of the neck.
30. Casualty a person who is killed or injured
in war or in an accident
e.g. The precise number of casualties in
yesterdays bomb explosion is not known.

31. Die from\of have as the cause of death
e.g. Some animals died of starvation in the snow.
All the plants were dying from lack of
rain.
32. Siege a military operation in which an army
tries to capture a town, etc. by surrounding it
and stopping the supply of food, etc. to the
people inside.
e.g. We must do everything possible to lift the
siege.
They are hopeful of bringing the siege to
a peaceful conclusion.
The city was under siege for six months.

33. Bring to a halt stop completely
e.g. Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a
halt by an air traffic controllers strike.
Our journey was brought to a halt by a
storm.
34. Offensive aggressive action, attack
e.g. The Red Army brought its winter offensive to
a successful conclusion.
In January 1944 a Soviet offensive raised
the long siege of Leningrad.
Faced with the invasion, they took
immediate offensive action.

35. Turn the tide(against) change what looks
like defeat into victory (over)
e.g. The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the
tide of war.
Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the
tide of the war in Europe.
36. Thanks to because of
e.g. Thanks to her financial support, the two
children in the remote village could go to
school.
Thanks to their tireless efforts, the
performance was a great success.

37. Heroic having the characteristics of a hero
very brave
e.g. The soldier saved the girl at the cost of
his own life. His heroic deeds were appreciated
by all the people in the community.
he was famed for his heroic deeds during
the war.
38. Region area
e.g. When examining a large geographic unit,
geographers often divide it into smaller regions.
In recent years increasing numbers of
tourists have visited Antarctica to appreciate
the regions majestic scenery and wildlife.

39. Reckon count consider think
e.g. The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from
the Declaration of Independence.
Many people reckon him to be a great
basketball player.
40. Toll the number of people or animals killed
or injured in particular circumstances money
paid for the use of a bridge or road.
e.g. The toll of road deaths and injuries is on
the rise.
The local government was allowed to charge
tolls for the use of the roads.
His hard work has taken its toll on his
stomach.

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While-reading activities

Part 2 Compare and Contrast
1. Soil\ Earth
2. Campaign\ Battle
3. Decisive\ Crucial
4. Stick\ Bog
5. Attack\ Assault
6. Flee\ Retreat

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While-reading activities

Part 2 Compare and Contrast
Soil the top layer of the earth in which plants
grow
on British soil\French soil in
Britain, in France
sbs native soil sbs own
country
Earth the world that we live in
substance that plants grow in
the hard surface of the world,
as opposed to sea
what\why\how on earth used
when you are asking a question about sth that you
are very surprised or annoyed about

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While-reading activities

Part 2 Compare and Contrast
2. Campaign a series of actions intended to
achieve particular result, especially in politics
or business
a series of battles,
attacks intended to achieve
particular result in a war.
Battle a fight between opposing armies,
groups of ships etc, especially one that is part
of a larger war
a situation in which opposing
groups or people compete or argue with each other
when trying to achieve success or control

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While-reading activities

Part 2 Compare and Contrast
3. Decisive an action, event etc that has a
powerful effect on the final result of something
leading to a clear result and
ending doubt
to be one of the most
important causes of sth
definite and not able to be
doubted.
Crucial something that is crucial is
extremely important because everything else
depends on it

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While-reading activities

Part 2 Compare and Contrast
4. Stick push, if a pointed object sticks into
sth or you stick it into sth it is pushed into
it
fix, to fix sth to sth-else with a
sticky substance, or to become fixed to a surface
difficult to move, if sth sticks
it becomes fixed in one position so that is is
difficult to move
Bog to become too involved in thinking
about or dealing with one particular thing
to become stuck in muddy ground and
be unable to move

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While-reading activities

Part 2 Compare and Contrast
5. Assault the crime of attacking someone
a military attack to take
control of a place controlled by the enemy
an attempt to achieve sth
difficult, especially using physical force.
Attack an act of deliberately using
violence against someone
the act of using weapons
against an enemy in a war
a statement that criticizes
someone strongly.

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While-reading activities

Part 2 Compare and Contrast
6. Flee to leave somewhere very quickly in order
to escape from danger
e.g. We were forced to flee the
country.
Retreat to walk back and away from someone
or sth because you are afraid or embarrassed
to move away from the enemy
after being defeated in battle
to go away to a place that is
quiet or safe
to change your mind about a
promise you have made because the situation has
become too difficult.

43
Post-reading activities

Part1 Points for discussion
Divide the students into small groups and
discuss the following questions.
In what way was Hitlers offensive against the
Soviet Union similar to Napoleons campaign
against Russia? In what way were they different?
Do you think the harsh Russian winter the only
factor that led to Napoleons and Hitlers
defeat? Why or why not?
How do you define war and do you think war can
be avoided in todays world? Why or why not?

44
Post-reading activities
45
Post-reading activities

The harsh Russian winter was an important
factor that led to Napoleons and Hitlers
defeat, but it was not the only one. The Russians
had strong will-power and they united together to
fight the enemies. Many soldiers died for their
motherland, they are brave soldiers of the great
nation they are brave sons of their mothers
they are brave fathers of their kids. The blood
of the martyrs makes the flag red.

46
Post-reading activities

World War 1
World War 2
Vietnam War
Persian Gulf War
Iraq War
Let the students to collect the information
if they want.

Prussian military strategist Karl von
Clausewitz said, War is nothing but the
continuation of politics with the admixture of
other means.
War fighting between two or more countries
or opposing groups within a country, involving
large numbers of soldiers and weapons.From
Longman dictionary of contemporary English

47
Post-reading activities

Part 2 Words and Phrases to drill
Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen
from the box below. Change the form where
necessary.
Alliance\limp\declaration\heroic\minus\region\sieg
e\stroke
1.The Labor Partys electoral strategy, which was
based on a tactical__with other smaller parties,
has proved successful.
2. The New York fire fighters__deeds in rescuing
the September 11 victims were celebrated across
the country.
3. By a __of good luck, Carol, who had been
buried in the rubble for more than 20 hours, came
out alive.
4. My brother was not badly hurt, but he injured
his leg and had to __around for a few weeks.

48
Post-reading activities

5. The aircraft was subjected to a test of
temperatures of __65 degrees Celsius and plus 120
degrees.
6. Tax incentives will be used to attract
companies to the western __of our country away
from the east coast.
7. The opening speeches sounded more like__of war
than offerings of peace.
8. After a three-day __ by the police, the
terrorists who had seized the restaurant had to
give in.
Key 1.alliance\2.heroic\3.stroke\4.limp
5.minus\6.regions\7.declarations\8.siege

49
Post-reading activities

Part 3 Translation
Translate the following passage into English,
using the words and phrases given below
Casualty decisive offensive be
faced with
Engage launch take a gamble press
on
Stroke get bogged down thanks to
minus
Instruct at the cost of turn the tide
catch off guard

50
Post-reading activities

??
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?????????20?,?????????????????,???????????????????
???????????????,???????

51
Post-reading activities

Key of Translation
The offensive had already lasted three days,
but we had not gained much ground. Our troops
engaging the enemy at the front were faced with
still resistance. The division commander
instructed our battalion to get around to the
rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack.
To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland
and many of us were afraid we might get bogged
down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided
to take a gamble. We started under cover of
darkness and pressed on in spite of great
difficulties. By a stroke of luck, the
temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20
degrees Celsius and

52
Post-reading activities

the marsh froze over. Thanks to the cold
weather, we arrived at our destination before
dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear.
This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy,
caught off guard, soon surrendered.
Hints division commander( ??)
battalion (?)
marshland(???)

53
Text B Normandy Landing

Part 1 Cultural notes
1.Normandy Landingit is the largest and most
ambitious military expedition in history.
American,British and Canadian forces landed on
Normandy, which was in northwest France, on the
English Channel.

54
Text B Normandy Landing

2. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1972)
????????????????????????????5 0
???????,?????????????????????,?????,????,?????????
????????,?????????,?????????????????????,?????????
???????,????????,?????????????

55
Text B Normandy Landing

3. He is the German field marshal, noted for his
brilliant generalship in north Africa in World
War 2. Later a commander in France. He committed
suicide after the officers plot against Hitler.

Erwin Rommel (1891-1944) nicknamed the Desert
Fox.

56
Text B Normandy Landing

Part 2 Vocabulary
Artillery ?? aircraft ?? troop ??
fleet ??
Sea-borne troop ???? airborne unit ????
Paratrooper ??? pathfinder ?????
Armada ?? naval vessel ?? battery ??
Transport plane ??? anti-aircraft ???
Assault craft ??? minesweeper ???
Anti-personnel ???? landing craft ???
Cavalry squadron ???? shelter ??
Naval bombardment ????

57
Text B Normandy Landing

Part 3 Comprehension questions
If you had to choose a subtitle for the passage,
which of the following would be the best?
A Fooling the Germans
B The Role of General Eisenhower
C The Largest Invasion Ever
D Gambling with the Forces of Nature

58
Text B Normandy Landing

2. It can be inferred that___.
A planning the invasion was not complicated
except for predicting the weather.
B it was impossible to predict how any of the
forces of nature would behave.
C moonlight was needed by the navy.
D the planners were wise to allow for the
possibility of delay

59
Text B Normandy Landing

3. The weather forecast for 6 June predicted
that___.
A the storm would have completely ended.
B the storm might die down for a while.
C the storm would get worse before it got
better.
D the weather would be as expected for the time
of year.

60
Text B Normandy Landing

4. It can be inferred that the Germans did not
expect the invasion on 6 June because___.
A they thought that weather would be bad.
B they believed the Allies could not agree.
C the allied decoys had fooled them into
believing the invasion would take place later.
D they expected the landings on the seventh.

61
Text B Normandy Landing

5. Many paratroopers landed in the wrong place
because__.
A the pathfinders had been blown away from the
correct landing sites.
B of enemy anti-aircraft fire.
C visibility was poor.
D of bad planning.

62
Text B Normandy Landing

6. The ships guns were ineffective because of
___.
A poor visibility
B fear of hitting the troops as they landed
C the high seas
D the strength of the German defense
Keys 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D

63
The Simpsons
64

The Simpsons is an obscure little art film
directed by David Silverman, produced and written
by a group of people who have probably between
them about ---1--years or more of experience
writing for the popular Fox animated sitcom of
the same name. The show has been on for nearly 20
years, and its kind of redefined and reshaped
American culture in that time, and also, I think
probably, --2--a lot of expectations for this
movie. The idea for a Simpsons movie was first
floated early in the shows run and has kind of
gone up and down its kept resurfacing over the
years and finally here it is, on the big screen,
what weve all been waiting for for all this
time. Shot in cinemascope, there are a lot of
cool movie effects and crowd scenes where you see
the entire town of Springfield assembled in the
way that you cant really ever see them on you
TV. And its a lot of fun and theres always, the
writing is---3--, there are a lot of very good
jokes. It doesnt always feel like a revolutional
way that it did in the early years of the show,
but its still a lot funnier, a lot more clever,
a lot more astute, a lot more--4--, a lot more
unpredictable than most of what you see on the
big screen or the small screen these days. So
if youre a Simpsons fan like I am, of course
you are gonna go see the Simpsons movie and you
will have a good time as I did. By most it will
--5--to remind you just what a wonderful
television show this is. I cant imagine living
in America for the last 20 years and surviving
without the Simpsons

http//bbs.putclub.com/index.php?showtopic124451
100
built up
Terrific
surprising
serve

66
Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation
67
(No Transcript)
68

???32???????D???(Franklin D. Roosevelt
)(19331945),??????????????????,?20???????????????
,???????????4?????,?1933?3??,??1945?4??????,????12
???????????7??????,???????

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????????????????????1910?????????1913?????????1921
???????????1928???????1932???????????,?????????,
????,???1936??1940??1944??????????????,?????????,?
??????????,??????????1941??,???????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????,
???????63??????????

??????????????(Pearl Harbor),??????????????????
,?????????????,?????????1941?12?7???7?53?,????????
???????????,????????????????????,??,??????????

Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the
Senate, and of the House of Representatives
Yesterday, __1__ -- a date which will live in
infamy -- the United States of America was
suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
air forces of the Empire of Japan.
The United States was at peace with that nation
and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in
__2_ its government and its emperor looking
toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific.

Indeed, one hour after Japanese air
squadrons had commenced bombing in the American
island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the
United States and __3__ delivered to our
Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent
American message. And while this reply stated
that it seemed useless to continue the existing
diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat
or hint of war or of armed attack.
It will be recorded that the __4__ of Hawaii
from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was
deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.
During the intervening time, the Japanese
government has deliberately sought to deceive the
United States by false statements and expressions
of hope for continued peace.

The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has
caused severe damage to American naval and _5___.
I regret to tell you that very many American
lives have been lost. In addition, American ships
have been reported torpedoed on the high seas
between San Francisco and Honolulu.
Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched
an attack against Malaya.
Last night, Japanese forces attacked __6__ .
Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam.
Last night, Japanese forces attacked the
Philippine Islands.
Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island.
And this morning, the Japanese attacked __7__
Island.

Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise
offensive extending throughout the Pacific area.
The facts of yesterday and today speak for
themselves. The people of the United States have
already formed their ___8_ and well understand
the implications to the very life and safety of
our nation.
As __9__ of the Army and Navy, I have directed
that all measures be taken for our defense. But
always will our whole nation remember the
character of the onslaught against us.
No matter how long it may take us to _10___ this
premeditated invasion, the American people in
their righteous might will win through to
absolute victory.

I believe that I interpret the will of the
Congress and of the people when I assert that we
will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost,
but will make it very certain that this form of
treachery shall never again endanger us.
Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the
fact that our people, our territory, and our
interests are in grave danger.
With confidence in our armed forces, with the
unbounding determination of our people, we will
gain the inevitable triumph -- so _11___.
I ask that the Congress declare that since the
unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on
Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a __12__ has existed
between the United States and the Japanese
empire.