Course Information

1
Course Information
2
Communication Electronics
EE413, 513, 513Z Prof. Pao-Lo Liu 215A Bonner
Hall [phone] ext. 1207 paololiu_at_eng.buffalo
.edu Course Website UBLearns
3
Communications

• Distribution and Exchange of Information
• Source
• Audio, video, sensor, data
• Coding
• Carrier generation and modulation
• Transmission
• Channel
• Media
• Interference
• Repeater
• Receiver
• Detection, amplification, noise, error
• Data processing and storage

4
Resource Sharing

• Multiplexing
• Time domain
• Frequency domain
• Code domain
• Switching
• Circuit
• Packet
• Buffer
• Networking
• Reliability
• Flexibility
• Efficiency

5
Critical Issues

• Efficiency
• Maximize information capacity within the
  allocated bandwidth
• Security
• Wireless

6
Applications

• Broadcasting
• Radio, Digital Radio
• TV, CATV, HDTV
• Satellite,
• Telephony
• Land Line
• Mobile or Cellular
• Public Switched Network, Modem, ADSL
• Computer Peripherals
• USB, Firewire, SATA
• Networking
• LAN, Internet, VoIP, Wireless LAN
• Applications
• Video on Demand, RFID, Bluetooth, FTTH, .

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Applications

• Aeronautics
• Guidance
• Communications
• Networking
• Aerospace
• Satellite
• Communications
• Surveillance
• Deep space exploration

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Applications

• Military
• Target Detection and Identification
• Radar
• http//www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?SpaceID1008
  4BookID701
• Sonar
• Communications
• Mobile
• Command and Control
• Guidance
• Sensing and remote control
• Dynamic battle field management
• Countermeasure
• Interference
• Eavesdropping

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Topics

• Introduction
• Signal Generation and Conditioning
• Amplitude Modulation
• Angle Modulation
• Television
• Digital Signaling
• Multiplexing
• Transmission Line
• EM Wave, Antenna, and Waveguide
• Optical Communications
• Public Switched System
• Data Communications and Networking
• Microwave Systems and Devices
• Satellite Communications
• Wireless Systems

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Grading Guidelines

• EE413
• Capstone Design Project (100)
• Presentations
• Project Proposal
• Progress Report
• Final Presentation and Report
• Laboratory Demonstrations
• Record of Time Working on Project
• EE513
• Capstone Design Project
• Study Based on Lecture Notes
• EE513Z
• Study Based on Lecture Notes
• Homework Assignments (50)
• Report (25)
• Written Exam (25)

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Capstone Design Project

• Problem-Solving
• Define project and goals
• Engineering Design
• Simulation, optimization
• Decision-Making
• Resources, cost, etc.
• Project Management
• Planning, Timeline, implementation, verification
• Communication Skills
• Presentation, report

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Prior Projects

• RF
• Wireless Audio
• Jammer
• Remote Control
• Optics
• Laser Transceiver
• Telephone
• Phone Line Home Monitoring and Controller
• System Diagnosis Simulation
• Bit Error Rate Tester
• CDMA System Performance
• Chaotic Communications System
• DSP
• Speech Codec
• Software Protocol
• PC-to-PC Link

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Resources

• Furnas Lab
• Electronics Laboratory
• TI DSP kit
• 6811 micro-controller kit
• Commercial Modules
• Dr. Whalens Microwave Lab
• Probe
• RF spectrum analyzer
• Dr. Lius Fiber Optics Lab
• Software
• VisualC
• Matlab
• LabView
• Webpages
• Capstone design projects
• http//www.cdsp.neu.edu/info/faculty/manolakos/ec
  e1504/cd2_projects.html
• Tutorials
• http//www.electronics-tutorials.com/site-tree.ht
  m
• http//www.web-ee.com/primers/Tutorials.htm

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Simulation Software

• Circuits
• SWCAD III
• http//www.linear.com/company/software.jsp
• PSPICE
• Logic
• Logisim
• http//ozark.hendrix.edu/burch/logisim/
• VHDL, FPGA
• System
• Vissim Comm Demo,
• http//www.eritek.com/EvalSoftware.asp
• Matlab
• Network
• GloMoSim
• Others
• http//vlsilab.fiu.edu/projects.html

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Examples of Projects

• Football flight data recorder
• Telemedicine - stethoscope over the phone line
• http//www.electronicsinfoline.com/
• http//www.epanorama.net/circuits/
• http//www.stevens.edu/wireless/summer.html
• http//www.cs.manchester.ac.uk/ugrad/projects/yea
  r05/comm.html
• http//www.ee.duke.edu/mbrooke/ECE283/2004_Fall/
  
• http//users.ece.gatech.edu/barry/6603/proj/proj
  .pdf
• http//www.ece.utexas.edu/bevans/courses/ee382c/
  projects/spring99/jackson-koohrang/finreport.pdf
• http//www.engr.uconn.edu/ece/SeniorDesign/projec
  ts/ecesd29/ProjectProposal(latest).doc
• http//vikasy.public.iastate.edu/ee434/EE434Proje
  ctFall2004.pdf
• http//www.ucop.edu/research/micro/98_99/98_170.p
  df
• http//www.physics.gla.ac.uk/kskeldon/PubSci/exh
  ibits/E9/

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Crucial Components

• Team
• Problem
• Objective
• Partition of Work
• Timeline
• Design / Calculation and Simulation
• Selection / Cost Analysis
• Implementation
• Diagnosis
• Reference
• Presentations
• Proposal, Progress, Final
• Lab Demonstration
• Report

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Capstone Design Expectations

• Documented Efforts - 10 hrs of work each week
• One lab session
• Preparation and review
• Planning and report
• Team effort
• 2-3 students
• Cleary defined responsibilities
• More elaborate projects for large teams
• Peer evaluation on presentations
• Presentations
• Project proposal
• Interim progress report
• Project demonstration and presentation
• Final report
• Start early

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Schedule

• Proposal Presentations
• 2/13 and 2/15
• Progress Presentations
• 3/20 and 3/22
• Laboratory Demonstrations
• 4/25, 4/27
• Final Presentations
• 4/19, 4/24, 4/26
• Report
• 5/1

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Presentations

• How to
• http//www.cs.wisc.edu/markhill/conference-talk.h
  tml
• http//josh.ev9.org/p3/

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Study Based on Lecture Notes

• Lecture Slides and Distance Learning
• Reading Assignments
• Homework Assignments
• Reviews or Small Projects
• In-Depth Review of Selected Topics
• Limited Scope Designs and Simulations
• Audience in Capstone Project Presentations

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References

• Wayne Tomasi
• Electronic Communications Systems, Pearson,
  Prentice Hall
• Wayne Tomasi
• Lab Manual to Accompany Electronic
  Communication, Pearson, Prentice Hall
• Jefferey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
• Modern Electronic Communication, Pearson,
  Prentice Hall
• John G. Proakis, M. Saleh, and G. Bauch
• Contemporary Communications Systems Using
  Matlab, Pearson, Thomson

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Written Exam

• Open book
• Time stamped submission of answers

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Strategy

• Broad Coverage
• Fast pace
• Less details, especially, equations
• Web Resources
• Self paced reading
• Modern Applications
• Selective In-Depth Study

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Expectations

• Two Lectures
• 2-240 hrs per week
• Reference Searching and Reading
• 2-330 hrs each week
• Audience in Presentations
• Part of lectures
• Homework
• 2.5 hrs per week on the average
• Small Project
• 1.5 hr per week on the average

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Chapter Review

• Functions of Communications Systems
• Ingredients of Communications Systems
• Critical Issues of Communications
• Learning in the Active Mode
• Capstone Design Requirements
• Lecture Based Distance Learning
• Grading Guidelines
• Expectations

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• Introduction

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Milestones

• 1837 Morse Code and Telegraph
• 1876 Bell Telephone (http//www.corp.att.com/his
  tory/history1.html)
• 1887 Hertz Dipole
• 1901 Marconi Radio (http//www.marconicalling.co
  m/introsting.htm)
• 1936 TV
• 1948 Transistor
• 1958 IC
• 1965 Intelsat
• 1983 Cellular Phone
• 1988 Trans-Atlantic Fiber Optics
• 1992 World Wide Web
• 2001 Telecom Bubble
• 2005 ATT Corp. Gone
• Future Bio, Nano, Info Multimedia, Google, ..
• Casual Reading
• Leslie Cauley, End of the Line The Rise and
  Fall of ATT, New York Free Press, 2005

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Why is Intent Successful? Resourceful,
Diversity, On-Demand, Free, Issues Technical
Security, Society Digital divide
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Evolution of Communications

• Point-to-Point
• Transmission Media
• Simplex, half duplex, and full duplex
• Point-to-Many or Broadcasting
• Switching
• Networking
• Coordinated links among multiple points
• Bus, star, mesh, ring
• Ubiquitous World
• Build-in utility

Source Transmitter Encoding
Destination Receiver Decoding
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Signaling

• Carrier
• Modulation Analog Digital
• E(t) AM ASK
• f(t) FM FSK
• ?(t) PM PSK
• E(t) and ?(t) QAM,M-ary

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Frequency Map

• Sound Waves
• Subsonic lt25 Hz
• Audio 25-20k Hz Audio
• Ultrasound gt20k Hz
• EM Waves
• ELF 30-300 Hz
• VF 300-3 kHz
• VLF 3k-30 kHz
• LF 30k-300 kHz
• MF 300k-3 MHz AM Radio
• HF 3M-30 MHz
• VHF 30M-300 MHz FM, TV
• UHF 300M-3 GHz TV, Cordless Phone, Satellite,
  Cellular, Bluetooth
• SHF 3G-30 GHz
• EHF 30G-300 GHz
• IR 0.3T-300 THz (tera)
• Visible 0.3P-3 PHz (peta)
• UV 3P-30 PHz
• X-Ray 30P-300 PHz

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Frequency Allocation

• FCC
• Bandwidth licensing and auction
• Regulation and enforcement
• Applications (http//www.prc68.com/I/FA.shtml)
• ISM bands
• FCC Chart (http//www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochr
  t.pdf)

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Information Capacity

• Bandwidth
• lt10 of carrier frequency
• Ultimate Information Capacity
• Shannon Limit I B log2 (1 S/N)
• Increase Carrier Frequency
• Improve S/N
• Multiplex Towards the Shannon Limit
• http//www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/courses/v6100
  03/shan.html

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Mathematics

• C f ? ? 2?f
• cos(-?)cos? sin(-?) - sin?
• cos(?/2-?)sin?
• cos(0)1 cos(?/2)0 cos(?/4)1/sqrt(2)
• cos(??)cos? cos? - sin? sin?
• sin(??)sin? cos? cos? sin?

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Fourier Series and Transform

• Amplitude and phase
• Power
• Reference (http//cnyack.homestead.com/files/idxpa
  ges.htm)

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Time Domain Waveform

• Measurement
• Oscilloscope
• Real time
• Sampling
• http//www.tek.com/Measurement/App_Notes/XYZs/03W_
  8605_2.pdf
• Modeling and Analysis
• Math and programming
• Matlab, LabView
• http//www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/help
  desk.html

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Frequency Domain Spectrum

• Measurement
• Spectrum Analyzer
• Bandpass filters
• Digitization and FFT
• http//www.spectrum-analyzer.info/Spectrum_Intro.a
  spx
• http//www.educatorscorner.com
• (Search Spectrum Analyzer Basics - Application
  Note 150)
• http//www.home.agilent.com
• (Application Note 1303 Application Note 1286-1)
• Modeling and Analysis
• FFT
• Matlab
• Examples
• AM (http//contact.tm.agilent.com/Agilent/tmo/an-1
  50-1/classes/liveAM_popup.html)
• FM (http//contact.tm.agilent.com/Agilent/tmo/an-1
  50-1/classes/liveFM_popup.html)

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Filters

• Frequency Response
• Low pass
• high pass
• bandpass
• Notch
• Comb
• Principle (http//ccrma.stanford.edu/jos/mdft/Con
  structive_Destructive_Interference.html)
• Application (http//members.aol.com/ajaynejr/vidco
  mb.htm)
• Selectivity of Filters
• Q low loss, high periodicity
• Tuning
• Multiplexing
• Reduction of Interference and Noise
• Reference
• TI filter designs (focus.ti.com/lit/sloa096/sloa09
  6.pdf)

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Common Filters

• Electronic
• RC
• LC
• Crystal
• Active
• Resonator
• SAW
• Optical
• Thin film
• Bragg grating
• Array waveguide grating

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Noise

• Uncontrollable, Field Additive
• Source and Detector
• Thermal noise
• 1/f noise
• Shot noise
• Transmission Medium
• EM Interference
• Atmospheric condition
• Channel interference
• System
• Modulation and detection technique
• S/N, BER
• Power budget analysis

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Characteristics of Noise

• Spectral Signature
• White noise frequency independent
• Pink noise resonant peaks, noise spectrum
• Statistical Distributions Repetitive Sampling
• Continuous
• Gaussian (normal)
• Ricean
• Discrete
• Poisson
• Error Probability
• Reference
• (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distrib
  ution)
• Mean-Square Fluctuations
• Thermal lt?i2gt 4kT/R x B
• Shot lt?i2gt 2eI x B
• Multiple noises

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More About Noise

• S/N
• Measured in power
• Noise Figure
• NF (S/N)i/(S/N)o
• Noise Figure of Cascaded Amplifiers
• Friis Formula
• NFNF1(NF2-1)/A1(NF3-1)/A1A2
• Equivalent Temperature
• NFTeq/2901
• References
• MIT 6.661
• (http//ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering
  -and-Computer-Science/6-661Spring2003/LectureNotes
  /)
• UCSB EE594 (http//www.ece.ucsb.edu/Faculty/rodwel
  l/Classes/graduate_noise_class/Noise_course.htm)

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More About Noise

• Waveguide Systems - Circuit Noise
• Device
• Circuit
• Free Space Systems - Channel Noise
• Interference
• Multi-path

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Power in Log Unit

• Ratio of Power
• dB
• Power Reference
• dBm, 1 mW reference
• Saturation of Power
• 1 dB compression
• Sound Level
• dB
• 10-12 W or 2x10-5 Pa references
• Weighted sound pressure dBA
• http//www.hearingportal.com/images/conservation/
  Sound_Source_4_AC_WeightedMeasure.pdf

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Impedance

• Complex and Frequency Dependent
• Stray capacitance and inductance
• Impedance Matching
• Power delivered to the load
• Reflection
• Smith chart (http//www.tmworld.com/article/CA1873
  42.html)
• Transmission line stub
• S Parameters (http//zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p
  /id/2513)

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Device Spec

• Agilent AMMC-5026 2 35 GHz GaAs MMIC Traveling
  Wave Amplifier
• Frequency range2 35 GHz
• Gain10.5 dB
• Gain flatness 0.8 dB
• Return loss Input 17 dB, Output15 dB
• Output power (-1dB compression)
• 24 dBm at 10 GHz
• 23 dBm at 20 GHz
• 22 dBm at 26 GHz
• Noise figure (6 19 GHz)4 dB

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Digital Signaling

• Pulse Modulation
• Amplitude
• Duration
• Position
• Pulse Code Modulation
• Sampling rate
• Quantization
• Phone 8k Hz, 8-bit or 256-level digitization 64
  kb/sec
• Decision Level
• Threshold
• Noise suppression
• More bandwidth

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Chapter Review

• Applications
• Frequency
• Examples of communications systems
• Important tasks of communications engineers
• Efficiency and security
• Signaling
• Analog and digital
• Time domain and frequency domain
• Fourier transform, analysis, and modeling
• Topics of communications electronics
• Amplifiers, filters, circuits
• Impedance, power
• Noise
• Information
• Capacity, coding