RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Chap. 10

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Chap. 10
Respiration is the exchange of gases between an
organism and its surrounding medium  4 levels
_______________________________- moving air into
and and out of the lungs _____________________
__________ exchange of O2 and CO2 in between
lungs and blood _______________________________
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and body
cells _______________________________ use of
nutrients and O2 by the each body cell to make
ATP and form CO2
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Remember that humans require O2 for the breakdown
of nutrients to produce ATP.   CO2 is a waste
product of cellular respiration and must be
removed from the body and returned to the
environment.  
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Human Respiratory System
Nose air enters respiratory system through the
______________________  ______________________
located above the hard palate and divided by the
nasal septum  
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Human Respiratory System
__________________________________________________
_ in nasal cavities filters out debris by
trapping it in mucus. This type of tissue also
lines the ____________________________    

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Human Respiratory System
______________________ cavity above the soft
palate  ______________________ opening into
the ______________________ open during
breathing but closed off by the
______________________when swallowing.
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Human Respiratory System

• ___________________________ rigid cartilaginous
  structure containing the _________________________
  ____
• voice is formed by vibrations of vocal cords as
  air passes through them
• loudness determined by __________________________
  ___ _____________________________
• pitch due to __________________
  _____________________________
•  

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• _________________________ cartilaginous rings
  which make up the windpipe
• bands of ____________________ allow for
  contraction of trachea when coughing
• Divides into ____________________ as it
  enters the lungs
•  

Secondary bronchi
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Within the lungs, each primary bronchus branches
into ___________________________(seen in haslet)
which branch into small microscopic
________________________? microscopic
_____________________
Secondary bronchi
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Each alveolus consists of a ______________________
_________ lying next to a capillary bed forming
the _____________________________.
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Lungs

• Lungs are highly vascular internal cavities used
  for gas exchange.
• ____ lobes on right and _____ lobes on left.
• each lung lies within a ________________________
  ___ containing fluid to reduce friction between
  lungs and pleural membranes when breathing

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Lungs

• Lungs can be ventilated by muscular activity to
  readily move air into and out of the lungs.
• muscular activity is due to the
  ______________________________________
• at inspiration, these muscles contract to
  increase the lung volume so air flows in
• at expiration, the muscles relax to decrease
  lung volume so that air flows out.
•   

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Gas Exchange - Oxygen

• When a breath is taken during ____________________
  ______, lungs fill with a high concentration of
  O2
• O2 diffuses across the _________________________
  of the ____________________ into the capillary 

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Gas Exchange - Oxygen
2 of O2 dissolves in __________________________
98 of O2 combines with __________________________
__________________________ _______________________
___which is transported to each body cell Hb O2
oxyhemoglobin
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Gas Exchange - Oxygen

At cells - reaction is reversed to release O2 to
cells oxyhemoglobin Hb
O2 __________________________________causes
rapid diffusion of O2 into the cell
cytoplasm. Where does it go inside cell? What
is it used for?
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Hemoglobin

• A red blood cell is essentially a bag of
  hemoglobin (Hb) and water.
  
• Hb is an ____________________________ iron is
  contained in___________________________
  
• O2 combines with the heme group of hemoglobin
  for transportation thus, _______ O2 are
  carried in a single Hb molecule

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Gas Exchange - Carbon Dioxide

• ________________ is a waste product formed by
  ______________________ in each cell
• it diffuses out of the cell and into the
  capillary

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Gas Exchange - Carbon Dioxide

• _____ of the CO2 is transported as the
  __________________________
• CO2 combines with water to become carbonic acid
  ? dissociates into H and HCO3? (bicarbonate ion)
•  

CO2 H2O H2CO3 H
HCO3?
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Gas Exchange - Carbon Dioxide
 

•   ____ of the CO2 combines with hemoglobin
  to form __________________________
•  
• Hb CO2 _________________
• ____________of the CO2 dissolves in the plasma

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Gas Exchange - Carbon Dioxide

In the lungs, the reactions are reversed H
HCO3 H2CO3 CO2
H2O carboxyhemoglobin Hb
CO2 Lower pressure of CO2 in the
alveoli
stimulates diffusion of CO2 from the blood
into
the alveoli. CO2 is removed from
the body
during ____________________  

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Control of Breathing
_______________________in the brain contains the
_____________________. Nerves connect the
respiratory center with the ______________________
________________________ Receptors here monitor
blood _________levels. If _________ levels fall,
impulses are sent to respiratory center.

 

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Respiratory center then sends impulses to the
_______________________ _______________________to
stimulate faster breathing so more ___________
enters the lungs.

 

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_____________________ near the respiratory center
monitor ___________ levels. If __________levels
increase, respiratory center is stimulated and
sends impulses to breathing muscles to stimulate
rapid breathing to get rid of excess _________
and bring in more __________.

 

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• _____________________________ of breathing occurs
  in the higher centers of the _____________________
  _
• This allows us to hold our breath for a while.
• But voluntary control is eventually overridden
  by the ________________________ and involuntary
  breathing results.
• Thus, you can hold your breath for so long and
  then the respiratory center takes over and forces
  you to breathe.

 

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Disorders of the Respiratory System

• Common cold caused by any of 200 different
  _________________
• Begins with runny nose and sore throat virus
  is present in upper respiratory tract
• Infection spreads to the lungs, causing
  ___________________
• Lasts for 1-2 weeks and immune system clears
  the infection
• Easily spread by contact of hands with nasal
  secretions
• More common in winter due to dry, heated indoor
  air
  - why? _______________________________________

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Disorders of the Respiratory System

• Common cold
• Treatment?
• Why dont you take an antibiotic?
• Why cant you get a shot for a cold?

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Disorders of the Respiratory System

• Influenza or Flu caused by
  _________________________ ___________________
  ______
• up to 60 million of us may get the flu,
  and 36,000 may
  die
• begins with fever
• body aches and vomiting are common
• in severe cases, ____________________
  may occur
• No treatment lasts for 7-10 days
• Prevention

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• New type of flu called the____________________
  
  appeared this spring.
• The specific cause of swine flu is the
  
  influenza A virus known as __________________.
• appeared to start in Mexico in April
• has spread to ______ countries that have
  officially reported over _________________ cases
  of H1N1 infection, including _________deaths
• over 3500 cases reported in Wisconsin (4 deaths)
• at this time, most people who have become ill
  with H1N1 in the United States have recovered
  without requiring medical treatment and have
  experienced typical flu symptoms.
• vaccine? _______________________________________
  __________

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• Asthma contraction of the muscles of the
  ___________________ obstructing the passage of
  air
• cause - ____________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________
• attacks occur without warning 
• treatment

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• _____________________________- disease in which
  the alveoli burst and blend to form fewer sacs
  for gas exchange
• caused by ______________________________________
  _____________
•  

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• _____________________________ inflammation of
  the bronchi resulting in excessive mucus
  secretion
• inflammation due to irritants such as
  __________________________________________________
  _____
• ___________________________common

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• Pneumonia inflammation of the lungs caused by
  viruses or bacteria
• ________________________fill with fluid
• greatly inhibits O2 and CO2 exchange
• if many alveoli are infected,
  ___________________________________________ may
  result
•  

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Disorders of the Respiratory System

• Tuberculosis - ___________________________________
  ___________________
• alveoli are slowly destroyed
• bloody sputum common
• nearly eliminated by antibiotics but cases are
  increasing in U.S. recently - why?
• __________________________________________________
  ____
• __________________________________________________
  ____

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• Cystic fibrosis - inherited disease in which a
  lung membrane transport protein is not produced
• result is that mucus is not transported
  properly and becomes very thick and
  ______________________________________
• thick mucus is a breeding ground for many
  bacteria thus,
  _________________________________ are common
• mean age for death is _________

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• Cystic fibrosis
• Treatment
• Disease is managed by __________________________
  ____ to
  dislodge mucus in lungs
• Several new drugs are helpful
• New finding - ________________ responsible for
  cystic
  fibrosis has been found and may
  lead to a cure by gene
  therapy

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Disorders of the Respiratory System

• Lung cancer cancerous cells replace normal lung
  cells
• how common - ____________________________________
  _________________________________________________
  _

tar in lungs cancerous
nodules
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Bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer are
entirely avoidable. They are caused by
______________________ ___________________________
___________ - the chief avoidable cause of
death in our society, resulting in _____________
deaths/year in the U.S.
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How many people in Wisconsin smoke?
In our class?
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• Some facts about smoking
• Smokers have a 10 times greater chance of
  developing bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer
  than non-smokers.
• Risk for smoking-related diseases increases the
  earlier one begins to smoke.
• Smokers are more likely to contract heart
  disease.
• Other cancers - mouth, laryngeal, esophageal,
  pancreatic, and kidney - strike smokers at
  increased rates.

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• Some facts about smoking
• Smoking during pregnancy causes preterm births
  and low birth rates. Smokers are more likely to
  have miscarriages.
• Nicotine in smoke is highly additive and is a
  ________________________. It strengthens the
  desire to smoke and makes it difficult to quit.
• Cigarettes do not calm your nerves. They
  actually create stress in the smoker.
• Smokers are 100 times more likely to smoke pot
  and use other illicit drugs.

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Some examples of Smoking-induced Disorders
Lung Cancers - taken from autopsies
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What about this dont you understand?
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These disorders are entirely preventable. The
single, best thing you can do to prolong your
life is to simply not smoke. Smoking is not cool
anymore. So - dont start. And if you do smoke,
QUIT NOW! All it will do is save your life!