Buddhism during the Period of Disunion

1
Post-Han The Period of the Three Kingdoms and
the period of Disunion (Northern and Southern
Dynasties)
2
Multistate system

• The unified China began to collapse in late Han
  and a new multistate situation began
• Warlordism resulted in the formation of the Three
  Kingdoms, which began a new period of Chinese
  history.

The Three Kingdoms 220 A.D.-265 A.D.
3

• Features of early multi-state system
• Founder of a state was a charismatic military
  strongman
• The fate of the state often depended on the life
  span of the founder
• Conflict of interest led to political struggles
  between powerful landed families and military
  men, causing a tug of war and the change of
  political leadership of the state
• A new charismatic leader would eventually rise to
  end the multi-state system and reunify China

4
Problems of Dynastic System

• A single family ruled
• Powerful and Great families formed through
  marriages to emperors, princes, and princesses,
  becoming imperial affines and holding important
  posts
• Eunuchs interfered with state affairs
• Empress dowager held regency during the reign of
  an underage emperor, often causing political
  turmoil

5
The Three Kingdoms

• Wei Cao Cao
• Shu Liu Bei
• Wu Sun Quan
• This was a period of warlordism, or multistate
  system

6
China Now and China in the Period of the Three
Kingdoms
7
Reunification and of China

• The three kingdoms ended in 265 AD, leading up
  the reunification of China in 280 by the Sima
  family, who established the short-lived Western
  Jin Dynasty
• The Western Jin collapsed soon as a result of
  internal political struggle and foreign invasion.
  The Sima family moved the capital to Jiankang
  (Nanjing) in 317 AD
• China was divided into north and souththe
  beginning of the Northern and Southern Dynasties
• Eastern Jin ruled south
• Nomads ruled north

8
Cao Cao and His Legacy

• Cao Cao prepared his son Cao Pi to become the
  ruler (emperor) of the Wei, ruling north China in
  220 AD, marking the end of the Han
• The Cao family ruled the north until 265 AD, when
  the Sima family formally established the Jin
  Dynasty and unified China in 280 AD.
• The Jin remained adherent to much of Cao Caos
  legacy
• The most important of Cao Caos legacy The Nine
  Rank Method for Designating Men to Office, and
  military dynasticism

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Mask representing Cao Cao in Beijing Opera
10
The Nine-Rank System

• Official bureaucracy was divided into nine ranks,
  with the rank on highest and rank nine lowest
• Trusted and impartial judges selected by court
  and sent to their home commanderies to recruit
  candidates for offices
• They reviewed the dossiers of recommended
  candidates, interviewed them, and graded them

11

• Candidates received higher grades were
  recommended to the central government, where
  there were made entry-level court appointments by
  the Personnel Board of the Secretariat

12

• Under Cao Caos rule, early phase of the system
  stressed the recruitment of talented men,
  irrespective of their moral traits
• Filial piety, uprightness, or incorruptibility
  were not concerned
• inhumane and unfilial men were welcomed, as
  long as they posses the arts of ordering a state
  or using the military.

13
Military Dynasticism

• Definition ruler of the dynasty possesses
  military power derived from hereditary soldiery
  and substantial state-owned lands worked by
  tax-paying tenants.
• In Cao Caos (Wei) case, hereditary soldiery came
  from military colonies
• In Sun Quans case (Wu), it came from private
  armies
• In Jins case, private armies/troops
• Military population increased rapidly in the
  south

14

• Non-Han tribes in the North--viewed as barbarians
  by the Chinese
• Tribal confederations
• Powerful and successful chiefs became rulers of
  dynasties
• Strongest one dominated and even unified the
  entire north, for instance, the Tuoba (Tabgatch)
  tribe led by Tuoba Gui
• Tuoba Gui established a dynasty called Northern
  Wei, or Tuoba Wei,

15
Non-Chinese dominance in the North

• Non-Chinese officially took over north China in
  317 AD. Powerful tribes included
• Xiongnu
• Xianbei (Murong, Yuwen, Tuoba)
• Di, Qiang, Jie
• Multistate system began with the formation of the
  sixteen kingdoms, which occupied north China and
  challenged South China ruled by the Eastern Jin

16
Sinicization

• Rulers of Northern Wei (Tuoba Wei)
• adopted Chinese system of administration
• Tuoba Gui built a Chinese-style capital at
  Pingcheng
• Reorganized their people into eight artificial
  tribes and forced them to abandon nomadism

17

• Emperor Xiaowen
• moved the capital to Luoyang and actually
  initiated a process that can be called
  acculturation, intending to integrate Xianbei and
  Han cultures
• Adopted Chinese bureaucratic system and
  recruiting talented Han Chinese to serve
• required his court officials to wear Chinese
  costume and speak Chinese language
• fused Xianbei and Han Chinese through
  intermarriage and shared rankings promoted
  intermarriage between powerful families of Han
  Chinese and Xianbei elites

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• allowed Han Chinese to administer Chinese
  districts/provinces as governors
• used Chinese surnames in place of their tribal
  names, for instance, Tuoba was renamed as Yuan.
• Adopted Chinese language, requiring Xianbei
  people to speak and write Chinese

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Transformation of Landscape

• New capitals emerged in the south
• New physical spaces for new activities appeared
  as a result of newly emerged literary and
  cultural forms
• gardens, villas, taverns, pavilions.
• New architecture and city planning resulted from
  the rise of institutional religions, notably
  Buddhism
• Temples, monasteries

22
Northern Cities

• Ye (in modern Hebei)
• The city was a rectangle bisected by a major
  east-west road
• North of the road palace complexes,
  aristocratic residences, and imperial park
• Government offices on the eastern section,
  imperial retreat on the western section
• South of the road a grid of residential wards
• Marked by a substantial female presence and
  activities
• Men and women enjoyed relative equality

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• Importance of the city
• City plan provided the immediate model for the
  capitals of the subsequent Sui and Tang dynasties
• And for early capitals in the Korean peninsula,
  Palhae (Bohai), and Nara in Japan.

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Making distinctions between N S

• Northern Women
• Women maintained familys status, handled legal
  disputes, made formal calls, and received the
  powerful
• Womens carriages filled the streets
• Wore fine silks, frequented governments offices
  to seek offices for their sons

• Southern Women
• Almost had no social dealings

26
Cities and Landscape in the South

• Capital Jiankang represented an artificial
  replica of natural, mountain-and-water landscape
• Gardens and large estates became new spaces for
  private and public activities
• Construction or large gardens and estates that
  symbolized power and prestige, caused
  deforestation
• Mountains gained recognition
• Landlords built private gardens in the capital,
  bring natural landscape into their own families
• Established southern families converged in the
  southeast of Jiankang northern émigrés
  developed estates in Guiji, east of the capital

27
Capital City Jiankang

• Earlier, its natural landscape made it a
  defensive city without wallthe topography was
  described as coiled dragon and crouching
  tiger
• Gardens and estates built throughout the capital
  and its surroundings blurred this topography or
  the natural barrier between city and country
• The construction of Buddhist temples helped
  intensify this blurring of the boundary between
  city and country

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Buddhist Temples

• Now built in the capital city and many other
  cities became new public spaces
• marked a major innovation in the spatial
  structure of the Chinese city
• Number of temples in Luoyang increased rapidly
• 3, by late 3rd AD
• 42, by 316 AD
• 839, after 317
• 1,367 after 493 (Northern Wei)

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Cave Temple Sculpture

• Large-scale public image worship
• Yungang cave temple sculpture (started after 460
  AD) built by the Northern Wei

Yungang Cave
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Multistoried Pagoda

• Signaled the extension of imperial power to
  Buddhist community, the expansion of Buddhism,
  and the change of urban life
• A seven-storied pagoda was included in the
  Yongning Temple in 467 when Northern Wei had its
  capital in Pingcheng
• Monasteries and pagodas were packed closely
  together in Luoyang, after Northern Wei moved its
  capital there in 493

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• Who built these temples?
• Members of the ruling elite (the majority)
• Imperial clan
• Middle-level officials
• Wealthy commoners (probably businessmen)
• Eunuchs
• Monks (the minority)

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• Why did they build temples?
• Showed their piety towards Buddhism
• Acquired political power and social prestige
• Converting private mansions into temples became
  one of the important lay donations
• Lay donations marked a turning point in Buddhist
  history
• Imperial kin and wealthy people donated wealth to
  build temples, make Buddhist images, celebrate
  festivalsfor the benefit of the populace

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• Social functions of temples
• They were open spaces to the populace
• Their patrons included people from all four
  directions,
• Chinese and barbarian,
• men and women,
• rich and poor,
• monks and laymen
• They were centers of regular festivals and public
  performances
• Celebration of the Buddhas birthday on 4/4

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• The second Yongning Temple, built in 516 in
  Luoyang by the Dowager Empress Ling, consisted a
  nine-story pagoda which was a central locus of
  imperial authority

900 Chinese feet high
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Worship of Buddhism

• South Imperial patronage
• Emperor Wu of the Liang
• North absorption of the Buddhist monastic order
• promoted self-image as wheel-turning king
• sponsored sculpturing of images of buddhas

Cave 16, Standing Bodhisattva
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• Number of Buddhist temples in Jiankang
• 700 in Jiankang during the Liang Dynasty
  (502-556)
• 2,816 in the entire Liang realm
• Emperor Wu of the Liang supported Buddhism with
  much enthusiasm
• Asserted his authority over monastic order by
  making himself a self-claimed bodhisattva
• Offered vows, staged mass assemblies, and held
  the maigre feast

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• The emperor held Universal Assemblies (or
  Assemblies Open to Everyone) in Jiankang,
  featuring
• Buddhist lectures
• Confessions
• Ceremonial banquets
• Vows
• Participants included monks, officials, commoners

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Jiankangnew economic center

• Chinas political and economic center shifted
  from Pingcheng, Ye, Luoyang, to Jiankang
• A trade entrepôt
• Local and inter-regional trade flourished
• Market arose in many locations, often next to
  temples
• Sea-based foreign trade to Japan, Korea, and
  Southeast Asia expanded

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• River system in the region helped transport
  commodities
• Estates could sell surpluses to the capital to be
  consumed or trans-shipped to other cities
• Known for important commercial crops including
  rice, fruits, vegetable and timber, dried fish,
  ceramics, lacquer, bronze mirrors, textiles, and
  paper

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Changes social structure and life

• Innovations
• Crops rice was double-cropped, a large variety
  of commercial crops were produced
• Technologies new ideas and new tools
• Economy cash economy flourished
• Country estates and state-owned land
• Landlordism and powerful/leading families in the
  south
• State-owned land in the north

41
Innovations

• New Ideas
• Labor-intensive farming was used to increase
  rice production
• Opened new land, established estates in hills
• Buddhism and Daoism helped reinforce this idea
• Took advantage of animal power
• Used the single-ox plow
• Animal-drawn harrows

Animal-drawn hallow, N S Dynasties
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• Seed selection
• Quality seeds were identified, 98 varieties of
  millet 37 varieties of rice
• Seed pregermination
• This accelerated growth, particularly the growth
  of rice in the wet south
• Sowing with seed-drill

Two-oxen plow (Han)
Seed-drill
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• Transplantation of wet rice
• Pre-germinated seeds sown in seed beds
• Transplanted into the main field two to eight
  weeks later
• Straight-row planting to facilitate weeding (far
  more labor-intensive than techniques used in
  Europe)
• Use of organic fertilizer
• Animal manures and silkworm droppings
• Green manures (e.g., beans)
• Crop rotationallowed multicropping
• Inter-planting different crops or varieties

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• Grain storage
• Wealthy landlord used granaries
• Common people used earthen pits
• Used salting, pickling, or making pastes to
  preserve different food crops

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Commercial crops and produce

• At least 37 species of vegetables in the north
• Fruit production increased in the south
• Many came from central Asia lichees, loquats,
  bananas, coconuts.
• Numerous varieties appeared
• 45 of jujubes, 12 of peaches, 12 pears
• Distinctive flora and fauna in the south
• They were sold in markets and grown in gardens

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• Massive production of rice in the south
• Resulted from migration and population increase
• Labor-intensive cultivation became significant
• Skilled peasant shaped the social structure of
  rural society
• Large-scale milling technique and water-driven
  machinery were developed.

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• Tea growing and tea culture
• Grown in hillsides of south China
• Tea-drinking began among southern elite
• Buddhists promoted tea-drinking
• Largely produced by individual peasant households
  or monasteries at this time

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Changes of social and familial structures

• South
• Families divided, kinship structure loosened
• Divided families used separate pots and multiple
  stoves
• Kept separate property
• Women were subordinate to men,

• North
• Large families remained, kinship structure
  unchanged
• Large families used single pot, single stove
• Shared common property
• Women controlled household affairs, including
  economy

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• Militarized northern men tended to serve the
  state
• Aristocratic/powerful families remained in power
  
• but sinicization caused members of these families
  leave offices
• Members of leading families lost their local
  bases if they kept their offices

• Effiminate southern men tended to eschew office
• Large émigré families unable to sustain political
  power
• leading families played important role in local
  affairs
• Members of leading families sacrificed their kin
  ties for their offices

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• Equal-field system diminished great families
  dominance of local society
• State-owned lands remained crucial
• samgha households (Buddha household)

• Equal-field system not practiced in the south so
  no-office leading families remained influential
  in local society
• State controlled some lands, such as emolument
  lands but leading families owned more

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North and South distinctions

• Families were simple and sincere,
• Valued relations by marriage
• People were heroic, so they valued offices
• They were martial, so they valued noble kin

• Families were refined
• Valued the exceptional individual
• Priority given to talented sons regardless of
  their lower status (children of secondary wife)

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Village life in scholarly writing

• Tao Qian (365-427) patriarch of the poets of
  reclusion
• Known for writing farmstead poetry similar to
  Western pastoral poetry
• Known for writing the prose narrative Peach
  Blossom Spring

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To Registrar PangTao Qian

• ?????,
• ??????
• ?????,
• ??????
• ?????,
• ??????

• Capped, I met the troubles of the age
• First married, I lost my wife.
• Fiery droughts repeatedly ablaze
• Insects rampant struck my fields
• Storms came from every side
• So the harvest did not meet one mans needs.

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Outer World during the Western Jin
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Chinas World Order in the 5th C

• China dominated Asia politically and culturally,
  although it never actually conquered its
  neighboring states.
• Northern dynasties claimed right of suzerainty
  over the neighboring states, but sometimes
  Southern dynasties also enjoyed suzerainty.
• A tributary system was built to allow neighboring
  states to pay tributes to Chinese emperors and
  interact with the Chinese through diplomatic
  measures.

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• Neighboring states adopted many features of
  Chinese culture and politics
• Being a hybrid culture now, because of the fusion
  of tribal customs and life styles and that of the
  Han Chinese, Chinas influences on the
  neighboring states also included elements of
  tribal culture.
• Chinas influences on the neighboring states in
  political system, Confucian values, ideas about
  family and social hierarchy, Chinese script or
  writing system resulted in the formation of
  Sinosphere, East Asian Values, and East
  Asian Civilization.

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Outer World during the Western Jin

• North and NortheastXianbei
• Eastern Murong, Yuwen, Duan
• Central Tuoba, Rouran
• Northwest Western Xianbei, Xiongnu
• West Wusun, Jiang

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Outer World during the Eastern Jin
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Outer World during the Northern Dynasty (Wei) and
the Southern Dynasty (Qi)
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Outer World during the late Northern Dynasty
(Northern Zhou and Qi) and Southern Dynasty (Chen)
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Outer World Tributary States/City States

• Northeastern neighborhood
• Koguryo, Paekche, Silla
• Eastern neighborhood
• Japan (Yamato)
• Southern neighborhood
• Vietnam (not a state yet)
• Western neighborhood
• Central Asia Kucha, Karashahr, Gaochang and
  Kroraina (including what is now Xinjiang,
  Afganistan, northern Pakistan and part of the
  former Soviet Union.)

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Korea

• Koguryo
• During the Han, sent tribute to the Han and
  adopted the title of king
• Established a Chinese style Grand Academy
• Adopted a legal code based on that ofs the Jin
• Began to convert to Buddhism
• Paekche
• Established relations with the Jin court (372)
• Its ruler received recognition and titles from
  the Jin court (386) as a general and deputy king
• Court adopted architectural, musical, and poetic
  styles from the Chinese
• Transmitted Chinese practices, along with
  Buddhism, to Japan

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Korea during the Eastern Jin and Former Qin
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Korea during the Northern Wei and Liu Song of the
Southern Dynasty
65
Korean Version of Its History
66
Japan

• The priestess-queen Himiko sent missions to
  Northern (Cao Wei) China in the 3rd century
• Himiko augmented her prestige using Chinese-style
  bronze mirrors and military banners
• After 413, more than a dozen Japanese missions
  visited the Southern dynasties
• Received titles, seals of office, bronze mirrors,
  and military banners
• Court began to trade with China in the 6th
  century
• Chinese culture imported into Japan via Korea
• New style of armor, iron metallurgy, textual
  canon, practices of statecraft, Buddhism and its
  temple architecture

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• Japan began wholesale adoption of the Chinese
  style of government in the early 7th century
• Chinese culture and systems introduced to Japan
  included
• Writing system, legal code, Chinese-style
  capital, population registration system, land
  registration and allocation system
• Imperial system, world-order concept, social
  class structure
• As a result, the Japanese established tribute
  relations with their own barbarians

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Vietnam

• Belonged to a south China area known as Lingnan
  when the Qin conquered the place
• After the Qin, the area remained independent for
  a century as the Southern Yue state loyal to the
  Han
• During the Han, large-scale Han immigration
  caused the emergence of a state or nation,
  dominated by two towns Jiaozhi (near modern
  Hanoi) and Panyu (modern Guangzhou of China)

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• After the Han, it emerged as an independent state
  until early 3rd century, but divided into two
  regions, Jiaozhou and Guanzhou
• Major families in Jiaozhou, led by one of the
  larger magnates, the Ly family, controlled the
  area and became independent in mid 6th century
  until the Sui unified China in 589.
• Adopted Chinese writing system, political
  concepts, family and social structures, and
  Confucianism

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Central Asia

• Now Xinjiang, Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and
  parts of the former Soviet Union
• Relations established by trade through Silk
  Roads
• Silk transported to the West
• Exotic goods flowed to China precious metals,
  glass, slaves and entertainers, wild and domestic
  animals, furs and feathers, rare plants and wood,
  exotic foods, perfumes and drugs, textiles and
  dyes, secular and sacred art objects, as well as
  books and maps telling of the foreign places

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• Costumes, white face powder, musical instruments
  and songs, foreign fruits, new styles and
  techniques in the arts
• Cultural elements
• Buddhism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorian
  Christianity, and Islam
• Tea and sugar associated with Buddhism started to
  draw attention
• Chair associated with Buddhism was introduced to
  China
• Buddhist texts, iconography , rituals, were used
  and adapted in Chinese monasteries

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Kinship and Family
Mounds of the Cao Family
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Kinship structure redefined

• Renewed sense of kinship linked up small families
  and brought about these changes
• lineage cemeteries/graveyards (family cemeteries)
• Celebration of the Cold Food Festival
• Multi-generation communal families
• Ritualization of the Ghost Festival

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Lineage cemeteries

• Extended family members of the same lineage
  gathered at ancestral tombs to perform ancestor
  worship associated with the Qingming Festival
  (105 days after the winder solstice)
• Multichambered family tombs emerged
• Family tombs placed together formed the mountain
  tombs (often imperial families and rulers
  relations)
• Imperial mausoleums became a norm in the Eastern
  Han and later

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• Family tombs of great/large families in cluster
  or large tomb were often called Mounds of the
  (Cao/Zhou/Wang) Family
• Cao familys tombs, excavated in late 1973,
  spread an area of a mile and a quarter
• Excavations of other family tombs (Wu, Zhou,
  Wang) indicate that eminent families tended to
  build large family graveyards.
• merit cloisters served as family graveyards
  emerged because of Buddhist influence

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The Cold Food Festival

• Historical background
• Development of the Qingming Festival
• Families gathered at the tombs of their ancestors
  to clean the tombs, make offerings
• This custom was turned into multi-generation
  collective worship of ancestors in later times
• Two major consequences for ancestor worship
• larger size of kinsmen made offering to early
  ancestors
• The Cold Food Festival tied Kinsmen closely

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Communal families

• Families dwelt together for generations for
  self-defense
• Encouraged by Confucian moralists and rewarded by
  the emperor regardless of purposes
• Large kinship organization emerged in a village
  or town functioned more than self-defense
• Financial/economic sufficiency
• Self-supported agriculture

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Expansion of Kinship

• Furthered/affected by new form of writing
• Family instructions, family rules
• Genealogies
• Yan Zhitui (531-591) The Family Instructions of
  the Yan Clan
• Contrasts conduct in the north and in the south
• Offers advices not to remarry, carefully manage
  the familys material resources, importance of
  books, study, and skillful writing, avoid
  military service, belief in Buddhism, adhere to
  family tradition

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Kinship and Buddhism

• families showed piety towards Buddhism
• Built stone statues/sculptures of the Buddha
• Built votive stone stupas, which provide evidence
  of the fusion of Buddhism and indigenous beliefs
  or conventions
• Carved memorial stelae
• Made Buddhist images
• Performed the Ghost Festival rituals

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New Sense of Filial piety

• Motherly love and mothers sufferings much
  emphasized
• More wives and mothers became patrons of Buddhism
• children urged to repay parents, particularly
  mothers

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• female misogamy or womens marriage resistance
  inspired by Goddesses such as Guanyin
• erotic literature, created by men, also inspired
  by Goddesses

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Gu Kaizhi, the rejection scene 7 of London
Admonishing scrollAdmonitions of the
Instructress to the Court Ladies
83
Gu Kaizhi, the toilette scene 4 of London
Admonishing scrollAdmonitions of the
Instructress to the Court Ladies
84

• Supporting the Confucian tradition and
  indigenous Chinese religion including Daoism
• Allowing the construction of Buddhist temples
  and the spread of Buddhism

A Lady reflects on her duty. Scene 8 of the
London Admonitions Scrolls
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Daoism in This Period

• Daoist ideas of immortality spread widely
• Daoist masters and adepts promoted alchemical
  practices
• Providing manuals that teaches alchemy, breathing
  and meditation exercises, exorcism, sexual
  hygiene, herbalism, talismanic charms etc
• Ge Hong (283-343), the most prominent Daoist
  whose theory of immortality and recipe for an
  elixir became popular

86
Evolution of Daoism

• Daoist schools emerged
• The Supreme Purity
• The Numinous Treasure
• The legendary Laozi was apotheosized and new
  Daoist deities were created
• Idea of preserving and guarding life force became
  predominant in Daoist/Taoist circle
• Longevity and immortality became major goals

87

• Ways to prolong life were sought and researched
• Meditation theory and skill further developed
• Interest in medicines, drugs, herbs, rare
  plantsincreased
• Alchemical recipes were developed
• Daoists began to write books and manuals
  regarding regimen, longevity, and immortality
• Interests in alchemy spread

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Master Who Embraces Simplicity

• Ge Hong (283-343)
• Known as the first Daoist theorist of longevity
  and immortality
• Regarded as the foremost expert possessing
  alchemical skills to compound immortality drug
  or divine elixir
• Called immortal cinnabar (xian dan) or golden
  cinnabar (jin dan), cinnabar drug (dan yào),
  spirit-like cinnabar (shén dan)
• Developed recipes to make nine cinnabars

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Buddhism in This Period

• Began to flourish
• Scriptures were translated and studied
• Monasteries were built, teachings were spread
• Followers increased
• Adaptation and transformation
• Chinese interpretation of Buddhist doctrines
• Five precepts (prohibitions not killing, not
  stealing, not committing sexual misconduct, not
  drinking, not lying humaneness (benevolence),
  righteousness, propriety, wisdom and
  trustworthiness

90

• Integration in Chinese culture
• Chinas landscape
• Art and literature
• Intellectual life
• Political life
• Common peoples lives

Wall painting depicting Jataka stories
91
Buddhism Major tenets

• Four noble truths
• Eightfold path
• Wisdom right thoughts, right understanding
• Morality right speech, right action, right
  livelihood
• Mental discipline right efforts, right
  mindfulness, right concentration

92

• Dependent origination and chains of causation
• Impermanence
• Karma and rebirth

Wall painting Five hundred thieves attain
Buddhahood
93
The Three Poisons

• Desire (greed) rooster
• Hatred snake
• Ignorance pig

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Buddhism and Common Peoples Lives

• Attracted to eminent monks
• Included theurgists, such as Baozhi, Sengqie
• Made donations to monasteries
• Practiced sutra-copying and recitation
• Sponsored carving, sculpturing, and painting of
  images of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas

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• Praying to the Buddha and Buddhist deities
• became integrated in the worship of ancestor and
  heaven
• Devotees of the Pure Land faith increased
• Increasing number of women entered monasteries
• Strange/anomalous tales abounded

Wall painting in a tomb Filial Son Feeding
Parents
96
Convergence of Interestthe Mixture of Buddhism
and Daoism

• Scholars and the faithful began to fuse Daoism
  and Buddhism
• The idea of immortality became widely recognized
  and accepted
• Legendary heroes were enshrined as Daoist
  immortals and deities
• Expansion of local cults
• Daoists mixed Buddhist theories of causation,
  reward, rebirth, hells into their belief system
• Philosophy of nature greatly impacted Chinese
  literature and art

97
Elixir and Fairy Tale

• Hou Yi the Archer
• Wife Chang E stole elixir that Hou Yi received
  from Queen Mother of the West
• After ingesting the elixir, Chang E became
  immortal.
• She flied to the moon and lived there forever.