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Inside The Computer

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Title: Inside The Computer


1
Chapter 2
  • Inside The Computer
  • Notes Source
  • http//www.webopedia.com
  • http//en.wikipedia.org

2
Learning Objective
  • Differentiate between hardware and software
  • Terms for data storage and transfer
  • Physical connections
  • Parts of system unit
  • Components of motherboard
  • How CPU works
  • Factors determine microprocessor performance
  • Types of memory
  • Types of expansion bus
  • Difference between analog and digital
    representation of data

3
2.1 Hardware vs. Software
  • Simple way hardware is physical, you can touch
    it, tangible
  • Ex keyboard, mouse, monitor.
  • Software is the instruction that tell computer
    what to do, you cannot touch it, intangible
  • Ex
  • Operating System ( Windows, Linux, etc)
  • Application ( Office, Multimedia, etc)

4
Macs and PCs
  • PCs Personal Computer
  • IBM
  • Compatibles
  • Clones
  • Use Intel or AMD processors
  • Macs Apple Macintosh computers
  • Apple
  • First GUI
  • Motorola Processors

5
  • PC Short for personal computer or IBM PC. The
    first personal computer produced by IBM was
    called the PC, and increasingly the term PC came
    to mean IBM or IBM-compatible personal computers,
    to the exclusion of other types of personal
    computers, such as Macintoshes. In recent years,
    the term PC has become more and more difficult to
    pin down. In general, though, it applies to any
    personal computer based on an Intel
    microprocessor, or on an Intel-compatible
    microprocessor. For nearly every other component,
    including the operating system, there are several
    options, all of which fall under the rubric of PC

6
  • MAC A popular model of computer made by Apple
    Computer. Introduced in 1984, the Macintosh
    features a graphical user interface (GUI) that
    utilizes windows, icons, and a mouse to make it
    relatively easy for novices to use the computer
    productively. Rather than learning a complex set
    of commands, you need only point to a selection
    on a menu and click a mouse button. Moreover, the
    GUI is embedded into the operating system. This
    means that all applications that run on a
    Macintosh computer have a similar user interface.
    Once a user has become familiar with one
    application, he or she can learn new applications
    relatively easily. The success of the Macintosh
    GUI led heralded a new age of graphics-based
    applications and operating systems. The Windows
    interface copies many features from the Mac.

7
Describing Hardware Performance
  • Bits and Bytes
  • Bits
  • Binary Digit
  • 0/1
  • Measure data transfer rate
  • Byte
  • 8 bits
  • Store a single character
  • Measure memory
  • Thousand, Millions, and More
  • 1000
  • Kilo, K, KB, Kbps
  • 1,000,000
  • Mega, M, MB, Mbps
  • 1,000,000,000
  • Giga, G, GB, Gbps
  • 1,000,000,000,000
  • Tera, T, TB, Tbps

8
2.2 Introducing the System Unit
  • 2.2.1 Outside of the Box
  • Power Switch
  • Connectors
  • Male/female
  • Peripheral devices arent absolutely essential
    for the computer ability to function
  • Expansion card/slot
  • Video adapter
  • Network
  • PC card
  • Sound card
  • Port
  • Serial not require fast data transfer (1 bit at
    a time)
  • USB support plug and play
  • 1394 very fast
  • IrDA wireless infrared
  • Parallel 8 wires, high speed connection
    -printer
  • PS/2 mouse
  • SCSI usually on Macs

9
  • 1394 A very fast external bus standard that
    supports data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps (in
    1394a) and 800Mbps (in 1394b). Products
    supporting the 1394 standard go under different
    names, depending on the company. Apple, which
    originally developed the technology, uses the
    trademarked name FireWire. Other companies use
    other names, such as i.link and Lynx, to describe
    their 1394 products
  • IrDA Short for Infrared Data Association, a group
    of device manufacturers that developed a standard
    for transmitting data via infrared light waves.
    Increasingly, computers and other devices (such
    as printers) come with IrDA ports. This enables
    you to transfer data from one device to another
    without any cables. For example, if both your
    laptop computer and printer have IrDA ports, you
    can simply put your computer in front of the
    printer and output a document, without needing to
    connect the two with a cable.
  • SCSI (skuze) Short for small computer system
    interface, a parallel interface standard used by
    Apple Macintosh computers, PCs, and many UNIX
    systems for attaching peripheral devices to
    computers. Nearly all Apple Macintosh computers,
    excluding only the earliest Macs and the recent
    iMac, come with a SCSI port for attaching devices
    such as disk drives and printers. SCSI interfaces
    provide for faster data transmission rates (up to
    80 megabytes per second) than standard serial and
    parallel ports. In addition, you can attach many
    devices to a single SCSI port, so that SCSI is
    really an I/O bus rather than simply an
    interface.

10
  • Front Panel
  • Power Switch
  • Reset Switch
  • Drive Light
  • Power Light

11
  • 2.2.2 Inside the System Unit
  • Motherboard
  • Power Supply
  • Cooling Fan
  • Internal Speaker beep
  • Drive Bays
  • Whats on motherboards
  • Integrated Circuit chip that emulate thousand
    or million of transistors.
  • Act as electronic switch route data in
    different ways according to software instructions
  • Others on motherboards
  • System Clock
  • -ticks control processing speed

12
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13
Others on motherboard ..cont..
  • The Microprocessor
  • CPU interprets instruction given by software
  • Control unit is one of the CPU components
    coordinates and control other components
  • Processing Cycles
  • Instruction cycle
  • Execution cycle
  • ALU perform arithmetic and logic functions
  • Registers

14
Processing Cycles
  • The time period during which one instruction is
    fetched from memory and executed when a computer
    is given an instruction in machine language.
    There are typically four stages of an instruction
    cycle that the CPU carries out
  • 1. Fetch the instruction from memory. This step
    brings the instruction into the instruction
    register, a circuit that holds the instruction so
    that it can be decoded and executed.
  • 2. Decode the instruction.
  • 3. Read the effective address from memory if the
    instruction has an indirect address.
  • 4. Execute the instruction.
  • Steps 1 and 2 are called the fetch cycle and are
    the same for each instruction. Steps 3 and 4 are
    called the execute cycle and will change with
    each instruction.

15
The Microprocessor cont..
  • Performance
  • Data Bus Width and Word Size
  • The larger, the faster
  • Pipelining
  • Executing more than one instruction per
    instruction cycle
  • CISC/RISC
  • RISC generally faster
  • Math coprocessor
  • Speed up computations
  • Chips
  • Pentium II, III, Celeron, Zeon
  • Apple G3 / G4
  • AMD Athlon
  • Parallel Processors
  • Where multiple chips working simultaneously

16
Pipelining
17
pipelining
  • A technique used in advanced microprocessors
    where the microprocessor begins executing a
    second instruction before the first has been
    completed. That is, several instructions are in
    the pipeline simultaneously, each at a different
    processing stage. The pipeline is divided into
    segments and each segment can execute its
    operation concurrently with the other segments.
    When a segment completes an operation, it passes
    the result to the next segment in the pipeline
    and fetches the next operation from the preceding
    segment. The final results of each instruction
    emerge at the end of the pipeline in rapid
    succession.

18
RISC/ CISC
  • A complex instruction set computer (CISC) is a
    microprocessor instruction set architecture (ISA)
    in which each instruction can execute several
    low-level operations, such as a load from memory,
    an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all
    in a single instruction.
  • The reduced instruction set computer, or RISC, is
    a CPU design philosophy that favors a reduced
    instruction set as well as a simpler set of
    instructions

19
Co-Processor
  • A special-purpose processing unit that assists
    the CPU in performing certain types of
    operations. For example, a math coprocessor
    performs mathematical computations, particularly
    floating-point operations. Math coprocessors are
    also called numeric and floating-point
    coprocessors. Most computers come with a
    floating-point coprocessors built in. Note,
    however, that the program itself must be written
    to take advantage of the coprocessor. If the
    program contains no coprocessor instructions, the
    coprocessor will never be utilized.
  • In addition to math coprocessors, there are also
    graphics coprocessors for manipulating graphic
    images. These are often called accelerator
    boards.

20
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21
Memory
  • Non Volatile
  • ROM BIOS
  • Booting
  • CMOS
  • Stores BIOS settings
  • Setup program can change settings
  • Volatile
  • RAM
  • Cache

22
Input /Output (I/O) Buses
  • Slot/cards connect motherboard to peripherals
  • Standards
  • PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect -supports
    Plug and Play
  • ISA Industry Standard Architecture - older,
    still common
  • AGP Accelerated Graphics Port - fast video

23
How Computers Represent Data
  • Digital
  • Counts in discrete units
  • General purpose computers
  • Analog
  • Measures in continuous stream
  • Special purpose computers

24
How Computers Represent Data ..cont..
  • Representing Numbers
  • Binary base 2, computer internal number
    representation
  • Hexadecimal base 16, easier for humans than
    binary
  • Representing Very Large and Very Small Numbers
  • Floating Point Notation
  • A floating-point number a can be represented by
    two numbers m and e, such that
  • a m be.
  • (1.20 10-1) (1.20 10-1) (1.44 10-2)
  • In a fixed-point system with the decimal point at
    the left, it would be
  • .120 .120 .014
  • Representing Characters
  • Codes
  • ASCII most PCs
  • EBCDIC IBM mainframes
  • Unicode expanded to cover all languages
  • Parity extra bit that holds information on sum
    of other bits, to provide error-checking

25
  • EBCDIC Abbreviation of Extended Binary-Coded
    Decimal Interchange Code. Pronounced eb-sih-dik,
    EBCDIC is an IBM code for representing characters
    as numbers. Although it is widely used on large
    IBM computers, most other computers, including
    PCs and Macintoshes, use ASCII codes.
  • UNICODE A standard for representing characters
    as integers. Unlike ASCII, which uses 7 bits for
    each character, Unicode uses 16 bits, which means
    that it can represent more than 65,000 unique
    characters. This is a bit of overkill for English
    and Western-European languages, but it is
    necessary for some other languages, such as
    Greek, Chinese and Japanese. Many analysts
    believe that as the software industry becomes
    increasingly global, Unicode will eventually
    supplant ASCII as the standard character coding
    format.

26
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27
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28
PARITY BIT
  • In computing and telecommunication, a parity bit
    is a binary digit that indicates whether the
    number of 1 bits in the preceding data was even
    or odd. If a single bit is changed in
    transmission, the message will change parity and
    the error can be detected at this point. (Note
    that the bit that changed may have been the
    parity bit itself!) The most common convention,
    or parity scheme, is that a parity bit of 1
    indicates that there is an odd number of ones in
    the data, and a parity bit of 0 indicates that
    there is an even number of ones in the data

29
Memory vs. Storage
  • Memory
  • Temporary (volatile) workspace
  • Like desktop
  • Storage
  • Semi-permanent storage
  • Like file cabinet
  • Data held in files
  • Files grouped in directories / folders

30
2.3.1 Why Is Storage Necessary?
  • Compared to memory, storage is
  • Non volatile
  • Cheaper
  • Larger
  • Able to help with starting applications
  • Cheap enough to replace paper storage

31
Types of Storage Devices
  • Read/Write Media vs. Read-Only Media
  • Read/Write most devices
  • Read-Only CD-ROM, DVD-ROM
  • Sequential vs. Random Access Storage
  • Sequential -slow but inexpensive
  • Faster- more expensive
  • Storage Technologies Magnetic and Optical
  • Magnetic
  • Electromagnetic read/write head changes
    electrical signal to magnetic fields and
    vice-versa
  • Most common technology for PC storage
  • Almost read/write
  • Optical
  • Laser read pits on disk
  • Magneto Optical
  • Combines for maximum storage capacity

32
Random Access Storage
  • A direct access storage device, or DASD is a form
    of magnetic disk storage, historically used in
    the mainframe and minicomputer (mid-range)
    environments. A redundant array of independent
    disks (RAID) is a form of DASD.
  • "Direct access" means that all data can be
    accessed directly in a form of indexing also
    known as "random access" as opposed to storage
    systems based on seeking sequentially through the
    data (e.g., tape drives).

33
Magnetic storage
  • Magnetic storage is a term from engineering
    referring to the storage of data on a magnetised
    medium. Magnetic storage was first suggested by
    Obeline Smith in 1888. The first magnetic
    recorder was invented by Valdemar Poulsen in
    1895.
  • The read/write heads in magnetic storage record
    data in the form of magnetized spots on iron
    oxide coatings.
  • Media types that exploit magnetic storage include
    hard disk and floppy disk drives, zip drives and
    various tape drives, video cassettes and audio
    cassettes, magnetic core memory, thin film memory
    and drum memory.

34
Optical Storage
  • Optical Storage is made possible by data storage
    devices such as optical discs and holographic
    storage systems. This is different from other
    types of storage mediums that may use a magnetic
    surface (e.g. magnetic tape storage, a hard disk
    or floppy disk) or electical charges (e.g. flash
    memory).

35
magneto-optical
  • A magneto-optical drive is a kind of optical disc
    drive capable of writing and rewriting data upon
    a magneto-optical disc. Both 5.25" and 3.5" form
    factors exist. The technology was introduced at
    the end of the 1980s. Although optical, they
    appear as hard drives to the operating system and
    do not require a special filesystem (they can be
    formatted as FAT, NTFS, etc.).

36
2.3.2 The Storage Hierarchy
  • Online or Primary
  • Hard Disk
  • Near-online
  • Secondary
  • Floppies, CD-ROMS
  • Offline
  • Tertiary or archival
  • Magnetic tapes

37
Speed of Storage Devices (Access Time)
  • Access time total amount of time to begin
    reading data
  • Seek time time just to locate data
  • SDDs (solid state disks)
  • Speed of memory
  • Permanence of disks
  • Expensive
  • A solid state drive (SSD, also called solid state
    disk) is a data storage device that uses
    non-volatile memory (NAND) such as flash, or
    volatile memory such as SDRAM, to store data,
    instead of the spinning platters found in
    conventional hard disk drives. While not
    technically "disks" in any sense, these devices
    are so named because they are typically used as
    replacements for disk drives in situations where
    conventional drives are impractical.

38
Access time
  • Access time is the time delay or latency between
    a request for access to an electronic system, and
    the access being granted or the requested data
    returned.
  • In magnetic disk drives, it is the time for the
    access arm to reach the desired track and the
    delay for the rotation of the disk to bring the
    required sector under the read-write mechanism.

39
Seek time
  • Seek time is one of the several delays associated
    with reading or writing data on a computer's disk
    drive. The others are rotational delay and
    transfer time. In order to read or write data in
    a particular place on the disk, the read/write
    head of the disk needs to be moved to the correct
    place (just as to play a particular song on a
    cassette of recorded music, the tape needs to be
    wound to the right place). This process is known
    as "seeking", and the time it takes for the head
    to move to the right place is the "seek time".
    Seek time for a given disk varies depending on
    how far the head's destination is from its origin
    at the time of each read or write instruction
    usually one discusses a disk's average seek time.

40
2.3.3 Floppy Disks and Floppy Disk Drive
  • Floppy
  • earlier floppy disks were flexible, now internal
    media still flexible
  • Storage Capacity
  • Relatively small, but advantage of portability
  • Protect Data
  • Avoid magnet, touching media directly, smoke,
    food/drink, humidity, high temperatures
  • Use write-protect tab
  • Floppy Disk Drives
  • Drive A on PC Windows desktop, may be external
    on notebooks
  • Circular track, wedge-shaped sectors store files
  • FAT matches files to track-sector locations
  • Formatting
  • Creates tracks and sectors

41
Beyond the Floppy High Capacity Disks and Drives
  • Floppy-size and removable
  • High capacity
  • Require special drives/disks
  • Drive also handle regular floppies
  • SuperDisk
  • Also known as the LS-120 and the later variant
    LS-240, the SuperDisk was introduced by 3M's
    storage products group (later known as Imation)
    circa 1997 as a high-speed, high-capacity
    alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44 MB floppy
    disk.
  • HiFD
  • The Sony HiFD (High capacity Floppy Disk) was an
    attempt by Sony to replace their own aging 3.5
    inch floppy disk, which had proven successful in
    the mid-80's war to replace the 5.25 inch floppy
    disk.
  • Drive will not handle regular floppies
  • Zip
  • The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable disk
    storage system, introduced by Iomega in late
    1994. Originally it had a capacity of 100 MB, but
    later versions increased this to first 250 MB and
    then 750 MB.

42
2.3.4 Hard Disks
  • Several hard fixed disks (platters) stacked
    vertically and sealed in a case
  • Why Needed?
  • Modern OS and application take much more memory
  • Users data even more memory
  • How it works?
  • Like floppies but read/write head doesnt touch
    platter
  • Head crash can create bad sectors
  • Can be partitioned to use multiple operating
    systems
  • Factors Affecting Hard Disk Performance
  • Position seek time
  • Transfer spindle (rotational) speed
  • Latency time to find sector after track is
    found
  • Hard Disk Interfaces
  • Most common IDE
  • Newer, faster, more expensive - SCSI

43
Hard Disks ..cont..
  • Disk Cache
  • To improve hard disks performance
  • RAM that stores recently-used information from
    disk
  • Reduced need to access drive
  • RAID
  • Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
  • Provide backup of all data by mirroring /
    duplexing data
  • Provide fault tolerance in case of failure
  • Used by businesses and web sites
  • Stripping related data across disks improves
    access time (shorterns head movements)
  • Removable Hard Disks
  • Useful for archiving and backup

44
Magnetic Tape
  • Sequential
  • Slow Access
  • Inexpensive
  • Appropriate for archiving mass data that is
    infrequently accessed
  • Digital tape can be fast accessed and higher
    capacity, but more expensive

45
  • CD-ROM Discs and Drives
  • Read only
  • Widely varied data transfer 2X,4X.20X
  • Usually play audio CDs and Photo CDs
  • May be mounted in multi-disc jukeboxes for
    networks
  • CD-R and CD-RW Discs and Recorders
  • CD-R
  • Read CD-ROM, CD-R, or CD-RW discs
  • Write once only to CD-R discs
  • Inexpensive
  • CD-RW
  • Read CD-ROM, CD-R, or CD-RW discs
  • Write once only to CD-R discs
  • Write multiple times to CD-RW discs
  • Relatively expensive

46
  • DVD-ROM Discs and Drives
  • Same as CD-ROMs except
  • Higher storage capacity
  • Higher data transfer rate
  • Also read CD-ROM
  • More optical Storage Technologies
  • WORM (write once, read many) larger discs
  • WORM means Write Once, Read Many (or Write Once
    Read Multiple times). It is sometimes used when
    discussing computer storage media that can be
    written to once, but read from multiple times.
  • Magneto-optic discs

47
Storage Horizon
  • FMD-ROM
  • Multilayer CDs with huge storage capacity
  • Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (FMD), is an optical
    disc format developed by Constellation 3D that
    uses fluorescent, rather than reflective
    materials to store data. Reflective disk formats
    (such as CD and DVD) have a practical limitation
    of about two layers, primarily due to
    interference, scatter, and intra-layer cross
    talk. However, the use of fluorescence allows
    FMDs to have up to 100 layers. These extra layers
    allow FMDs to have capacities up to a terabyte,
    while maintaining the same physical size of
    traditional optical disks.
  • Storage Area Network (SAN)
  • Connect high-capacity storage to all
  • servers on a network

48
2.4 Understanding Input Not Just Data Entry
  • 4 types of input
  • Software
  • Inputs applications and data files
  • Data
  • Input by user
  • Commands
  • To computer from user
  • Responses
  • From users to computer messages

49
Input Devices The Computers Senses
  • Keyboard
  • Cabled or wireless
  • Keypress causes computer to display character at
    cursor location / insertion point
  • Using Computer Keyboard
  • Like typewriter except
  • Enter
  • Tab
  • Cursor Movement
  • Numeric Keypad
  • Windows
  • Del
  • Etc..

50
Keyboard ..cont..
  • Alternative Keyboards
  • QWERTY
  • Standard
  • Dvorak
  • Incorrectly believed to allow faster typing by
    better key arrangement
  • Entering International Characters
  • dead keys add marking to next letter typed
  • Health Risks of Keyboard Use
  • Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) or repetitive
    strain injury (RSI)
  • Ergonomic keyboards may help

51
QWERTY
  • QWERTY (pronounced /'kw?ti/) is the most common
    modern-day keyboard layout on most English
    language computer and typewriter keyboards. It
    takes its name from the first six letters seen in
    the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY
    design was patented by Christopher Sholes in 1868
    and sold to Remington in 1873, when it first
    appeared in typewriters.

52
Dvorak
  • The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (pronounced
    /'dvoræk/) is a keyboard layout designed by Dr.
    August Dvorak and William Dealey in the 1920s and
    1930s as an alternative to the more common QWERTY
    layout. It has also been called the Simplified
    Keyboard or American Simplified Keyboard, but is
    commonly known as the Dvorak keyboard.

53
dead key
  • A dead key is a key on a typewriter or a computer
    keyboard that produces no output when it is
    pressed, but modifies the output of the next key
    pressed after it.
  • For example, if a keyboard has a dead key "",
    the French character e accent aigu (é) can be
    generated by pressing first "", then "e".

54
  • Repetitive strain injury, also called repetitive
    stress injury or typing injury, is an
    occupational overuse syndrome affecting muscles,
    tendons and nerves in the arms and upper back. It
    occurs when muscles in these areas are kept tense
    for very long periods of time, due to poor
    posture and/or repetitive motions.

55
  • Speech Recognition
  • Also called voice recognition
  • Converts voice input into characters
  • Pointing Devices
  • Move a pointer in GUI system
  • Draw, paint or write
  • Most common, mouse
  • Types of Mice
  • PS/2, serial, usb, cordless
  • Mechanical (ball), Optical (laser),
  • Wheel (for scroll)
  • Health Risks of Mouse Usage
  • CTD/RSI - Cumulative Trauma Disorder/Repetitive
    Stress Injury
  • Alternatives
  • Foot mouse, trackballs, pointing sticks, touchpad
  • More Ways to Control Computer
  • Joystick
  • Touchscreen kiosk
  • Pen computing with PDAs

56
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57
2.5 Device
  • Sound Cards
  • Digitize sound
  • Record and Playback
  • MPEG data compression
  • Video Capture Boards
  • Web cams
  • Videoconferencing
  • MPEG data compression
  • Digital Cameras
  • Take picture in digital format
  • Scanners
  • Digitize from source document on paper
  • OCR (Optical Character Recognition) changes
    picture file to characters.
  • FAX
  • Sends faxes directly on computer
  • Need special software and modem

58
  • Sound Card A typical sound card includes a sound
    chip usually featuring a digital-to-analog
    converter that converts recorded or generated
    digital waveforms of sound into an analog format.
    This signal is led to a (earphone-type) connector
    where a cable to an amplifier or similar sound
    destination can be plugged in.

59
Input Devices in Business, Industry and Science
  • Source data automation
  • Collect transaction information at its source
  • Image processing of documents
  • Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) bank
    checks
  • Bar Code Reader
  • Mark Sense Character Recognition- Scantrons for
    exams
  • Biological Feedback Devices
  • Translate biological changes into computer input
  • Eye-gaze response
  • Virtual reality- responds to body movements by
    changing virtual world
  • Brain wave changes- experimental
  • Chemical Detectors
  • smell explosives, narcotics, toxins, etc..

60
Understanding Output Making Data Meaningful
  • Visual Display System
  • Video adapter board / video RAM (VRAM) control
    the
  • Resolution number of dots on the screen
  • VGA - 640x480
  • Super VGA (SVGA) 1024x768
  • Color Depth maximum number of colors
  • Refresh rate higher flicker reduction
  • The refresh rate (or "vertical refresh rate",
    "vertical scan rate" for CRTs) is the number of
    times in a second that a display is illuminated.

61
Understanding Output ..cont..
  • Monitor /Display
  • Provide soft copy (vs hard copy from printer)
  • Types
  • CRT (cathode ray tube) like TV
  • Flat panel display
  • Monochrome
  • Color
  • Screen Size
  • Diagonal Measure

62
Understanding Output ..cont..
  • Data Projectors
  • Project video output onto screen for an audience
  • LCD
  • Less expensive
  • Less sharp image
  • A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat
    display device made up of any number of color or
    monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light
    source or reflector.
  • DLP (digital light processing)
  • More expensive
  • Image sharp enough for large screen and bright
    room
  • Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a technology
    used in projectors and video projectors.
  • Headset
  • Projects image onto screen for individual wearing
    special headset
  • CAVE (Cave Automated Virtual Environment)
    projects image onto 3D glasses
  • Used for virtual reliaty

63
Understanding Output ..cont..
  • Printers
  • Provide hard copy
  • Types
  • Impact
  • Line printers
  • Letter quality
  • Dot Matrix
  • Near letter quality
  • Non-impact
  • Inkjet/bubble jet
  • Least expensive non-impact
  • Laser
  • Network
  • Personal
  • Color
  • expensive

64
Understanding Output ..cont..
  • Plotters
  • Used for maps, blueprints, etc..
  • Fax Output
  • Receives faxes directly from computer
  • Need special software and modem
  • Audio Output
  • Sound cards and speaker
  • Tactile Feedback
  • Virtual reality stimulation of sense of touch

65
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