University of Washington Ballast Water Research Update

1
University of Washington Ballast Water Research
Update

• Russ Herwig, Jeff Cordell, Dave Lawrence
• School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, UW
• Washington Sea Grant
• herwig_at_u.washington.edu
• December 6, 2007

2
The current team
Dave Lawrence Research Scientist Phytoplankton
Jeff Cordell Principal Research
Scientist Zooplankton
3
Team, continued
Olga Kalata Research Scientist zooplankton
Nissa Ferm SMA Graduate Student zooplankton
4
Major Projects and Collaborations

• State of Washington Ballast Sampling
• Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
• Allen Pleus, Pam Meacham, Keith Streick, Gary
  Gertsen
• Sodium Hypochlorite Ballast Water Treatment
  Studies
• Severn Trent De Nora
• Rudy Matousek
• Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) -
  Surrogate Species Project
• Old Dominion University
• Fred Dobbs
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• Don Anderson
• Marshall University
• Andrew Rogerson

5
Presentation Outline

• Preliminary Comments
• Different types of ships
• Famous introductions
• Ballast water exchange
• State of Washington Ballast Water Sampling
• Necessity for ballast water treatment
• Inoculation and propagule pressure
• Ballast Water Treatment Development and
  Experiments
• Proposed and existing discharge standards
• Technologies on the table
• Scaling up treatment tests
• Shipboard tests
• Concluding Remarks

6
Cougar Ace, Gulf of Alaska, July 2006
7
Comment 1Know your vessel types and voyage
patterns.
8
Russ Herwig
9
Russ Herwig
10
Russ Herwig
11
Other vessel types
Container ships
Bryan Nielsen
Tankers and Tanker Barges
12
Port of Seattle
13
Comment 2Not all invasive species are created
equal.
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
Its not just zebra and quagga mussels.
17
Pseudodiaptomus inopinus

• Copepod first appeared in Columbia River, 1990
• Found as monoculture in many other west coast
  rivers
• Displaced native copepods
• Important in diet of crabs and mysid shrimp
• Replaced in the Columbia River by two new
  invasive copepod species

Jeff Cordell
Native to Japan, China, Korea
18
Pseudodiaptomus forbesi Native to Japan, China,
Korea

• First recorded in San Francisco Estuary, 1987

• Recorded in Columbia River Estuary, 2002

Jeff Cordell

• Appears to have displaced previously introduced
  P. inopinus in the Columbia River, which is no
  longer abundant

19
(No Transcript)
20
May and August 2005
21
Reservoir
Lower Granite
Little Goose
Lower Monumental
Ice Harbor
McNary
John Day
Bonneville
22
Washington Non-Indigenous Marine/Estuarine
Species Introduced by Ballast Water
The others

• The biggies
• Carcinus maenus
• Crab, European green
• Eriocheir sinensis
• Crab, mitten
• Styela clava
• Tunicate, club (solitary)
• Ciona savignyi
• Tunicate, transparent (solitary)
• Molgula manhattensis
• Tunicate (solitary)
• Botrylloides violaceus
• Tunicate, chain (colonial)
• Botryllus schlosseri
• Tunicate, golden star (colonial)
• Didemnum sp.
• Tunicate (colonial)

• Diadumene lineate
• Anemone, orange-stripe
• Petricolaria pholadiformis
• Angelwing, false
• Zoobotryon verticillatum
• Bryozoan, spaghetti
• Neotrapezium liratum
• Clam, Japanese
• Potamocorbula amurensis
• Clam, Asian
• Gemma gemma
• Clam, Atlantic gem
• Mercenaria mercenaria
• Clam, Northern quahog
• Mnemiopsis leidyi
• Comb jelly, Leidys
• Pseudodiaptomus inopinus
• Copepod
• Rhithropanopeus harrisii

Orthione griffensis Isopod, Griffens
(parasitic) Maeotias inexspectata Jellyfish,
Black Sea Phyllorhiza punctata Jellyfish,
spotted Batallaria attramentaria Mudsnail,
Asian Geukensia demissa Mussel, Atlantic
ribbed Perna spp. Mussel, New Zealand
green Musculista senhousia Mussel,
Japanese Exopalaemon modestus Prawn,
Siberian Crepidula fornicata Snail, Atlantic
slipper Clathria prolifera Sponge, red
beard Busycotypus canaliculatus Whelk,
channeled Nuttallia obscurata Clam, purple
varnish
Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Watch
List (Invasive Species Council, August 2007)
23
What to do? Ballast water exchange.

• Ship exchanges the water in its ballast tanks 50
  to 200 nautical miles from coast
• Empty-refill method
• Flow through method
• 2 to 3 times volume of water is flushed through
  ballast tank

24
State of Washington Ballast Sampling

• Sampling initiated 6 years ago by University of
  Washington
• Later, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
  began sampling preserved zooplankton samples
  provided to UW
• 2 ship inspectors - Puget Sound and Columbia
  River
• Sampling 3 vertical plankton tows per sampled
  ballast tank
• 73 µm mesh net
• Zooplankton identified to lowest taxonomic level
  possible
• Examined ballast samples from 246 ships, 2001 -
  2005
• Accepted for publication, Aquatic Conservation
• UW developing MS Access database
• Quicker analysis of data
• Less errors in data entry
• Today, preliminary 2006 - 2007 sample analysis,
  172 ships

25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
Ballast water zooplankton samples per month2006
(n76) and 2007 (n96)
28
Number of boardings by ship type (2006 - 2007)
29
Number of boardings by source country (2006 -
2007)
30
and abundance of NI Coastal Organisms (2006 -
2007) (n133, others in process)
31
and abundance of NI Coastal Organisms (2006
and 2007) - CA as BW source (n45)
32
Oithona davisae Most commonly discharged
non-indigenous zooplankton from sampled
vessels(2006 2007 data)

33
Conclusions from Puget Sound Ship Sampling
(Cordell et. al in press)

• Despite Washington State regulations requiring
  oceanic exchange (OE), ships had high densities
  and/or percentages of NIS and/or coastal species.
• Densities of both NIS and coastal taxa, and
  percentages of NIS were consistently and
  significantly higher from domestic trips lower
  in samples from transpacific trips.
• Domestic trips dominated by tankers carrying
  ballast water from California.
• International trips dominated by container ships
  and bulk carriers with ballast from Japan, China,
  and South Korea.

34
Comment 3Proposed discharged standard will
challenge technologies and testing protocols.
35
Discharge Standards
36
Public Health Microorganisms
37
Treatment Technologies

• Chemical biocides
• Ozone
• Sodium hypochlorite
• Chlorine dioxide
• PERACLEAN Ocean (peroxyacetic acid)
• SeaKleen (menadione, vitamin K3)
• Advanced oxidation methods
• Size separation
• Filtration
• Cyclonic separation

• Physical methods
• Ultraviolet light
• Deoxygenation
• Electrolysis
• Heat
• Combinations of treatment

Red UW work
38
Scale Up Process
39
Comment 4Dont scale-up a screw-up.Comment
5Do your homework before you install a treatment
system on a ship.
40
Upcoming Shipboard Tests
41
Severn Trent De Nora BalPure Treatment System
onboard the SeaRiver American Pride

• STDN electrolytic sodium hypochlorite generator
• Neutralization step before discharge
• American Pride - tanker, petroleum product
• Voyage Port Everglades, FL (Miami) to Beaumont,
  TX
• U.S. Coast Guard STEP
• IMO - compatible tests (G8)
• 3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each
  1/3 of ballast uplift
• 3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each
  1/3 of ballast discharge
• Samples collected from control and treatment
  ballast tanks during voyage
• 3 biological tests in 6 months
• February, May, August 2008

42
Concluding Comments

• Ballast water exchange, as currently practiced,
  is releasing large numbers of non-indigenous
  and/or coastal organisms in Puget Sound.
• Many potential treatment technologies being
  considered.
• Limitations and positive attributes of each
  technology need to be evaluated.
• Different technologies may be applicable to
  different vessel classes.
• Many treatment technologies appear better than
  ballast water exchange (e.g., concentration of
  discharged organisms)
• Scientists and engineers must work together in
  not only finding environmental problems, but also
  in providing solutions.

43
Funding Acknowledgements

• National Sea Grant Program
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife
• Washington Sea Grant
• United States Geological Survey (USGS)
• Industry
• BP Oil Transportation
• Severn Trent De Nora
• MARENCO Technology Group