Manufacturing

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Manufacturing
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MANUFACTURING
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Data Collection

• Data feed through forms
• Data feed through interfaces
• Data cleaning
• Data formatting
• Data Storage
• Past Data Storage and integration

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Defining Business Requirements

• Reports Definition
• Frequency of Reports Definition
• Login Control
• Information Control
• Reporting formats definition
• Software and hardware available
• Software and hardware required
• Gap Analysis

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Designing System Architecture

• Creating Draft System Architecture
• Customer Presentation
• Customer Feedback
• Designing Solution Architecture
• Solution Variants
• Generating Requirement Compliance
• Gap Analysis

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Agreement Document

• Agreement Document Definition
• Non-Disclosure Agreement
• Pricing of Services and Payment Schedule
• Inclusion of Service Tax and VAT/Sales Tax
• Change Management
• Change Pricing Mechanism
• Commercial terms and conditions
• Jurisdiction decision

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Detailed Block Design

• Detailed Block Diagram design taking all customer
  requirements
• Creating Systems Modules
• Creating Operating Systems Requirements
• Operating System License Definition and pricing
• Data Base Server Definition and User Licensing
• Database Server Pricing
• Hardware Requirements and hardware Pricing
• Networking Requirements and Network Pricing

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Data Base Design

• Architecture of Database
• Tables Design
• Stored Procedures Design
• Triggers Design
• Interfaces Design
• Design of Data Integration Applications
• Design of Reporting Applications
• Security of Database
• Logins and passwords management
• Web interfaces and applications design
• Data Downloading from web database

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Business Intelligence Applications

• Generating Multi Dimensional Cubes
• Generating Multiple Dimensions
• Dimensional Analysis
• KPIs
• Business Intelligence Analyzing Algorithms
• Formula Storage
• Reports Generation

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Systems Deployment

• Lab tested systems are deployed on customers
  servers
• Integration Customers existing systems
• Total System Integration
• System Beta Testing
• Gap analysis
• Design Modifications and Application Tuning
• Re-deloyment of applications

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Customer Training

• Training of Customer staff
• Training of Customer Information Technology Staff
• Handover of Complete Systems

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Warranty and After Sales support

• Warranty of applications
• After sales support for 1 year
• Annual Maintenance Contract

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Information required at different management
levels
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Levels of Management Decision Making

• Strategic management
• Executives develop organizational goals,
  strategies, policies, and objectives
• As part of a strategic planning process
• Tactical management
• Managers and business professionals in
  self-directed teams
• Develop short- and medium-range plans, schedules
  and budgets
• Specify the policies, procedures and business
  objectives for their subunits

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Levels of Management Decision Making

• Operational management
• Managers or members of self-directed teams
• Develop short-range plans such as weekly
  production schedules

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Information Quality

• Information products whose characteristics,
  attributes, or qualities make the information
  more value
• Information has 3 dimensions
• Time
• Content
• Form

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Attributes of Information Quality
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Decision Structure

• Structured situations where the procedures to
  follow when a decision is needed can be specified
  in advance
• Unstructured decision situations where it is
  not possible to specify in advance most of the
  decision procedures to follow
• Semistructured - decision procedures that can be
  prespecified, but not enough to lead to a
  definite recommended decision

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Information Systems to support decisions
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Decision Support Trends

• Personalized proactive decision analytics
• Web-Based applications
• Decisions at lower levels of management and by
  teams and individuals
• Business intelligence applications

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Business Intelligence Applications
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Decision Support Systems

• DSS
• Provide interactive information support to
  managers and business professionals during the
  decision-making process
• Use
• Analytical models
• Specialized databases
• A decision makers own insights and judgments
• Interactive computer-based modeling
• To support semistructured business decisions

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DSS components
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DSS Model base

• Model base
• A software component that consists of models used
  in computational and analytical routines that
  mathematically express relations among variables
• Examples
• Linear programming models,
• Multiple regression forecasting models
• Capital budgeting present value models

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Management Information Systems

• MIS
• Produces information products that support many
  of the day-to-day decision-making needs of
  managers and business professionals
• Prespecified reports, displays and responses
• Support more structured decisions

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MIS Reporting Alternatives

• Periodic Scheduled Reports
• Prespecified format on a regular basis
• Exception Reports
• Reports about exceptional conditions
• May be produced regularly or when exception
  occurs
• Demand Reports and Responses
• Information available when demanded
• Push Reporting
• Information pushed to manager

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Online Analytical Processing

• OLAP
• Enables mangers and analysts to examine and
  manipulate large amounts of detailed and
  consolidated data from many perspectives
• Done interactively in real time with rapid
  response

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OLAP Analytical Operations

• Consolidation
• Aggregation of data
• Drill-down
• Display detail data that comprise consolidated
  data
• Slicing and Dicing
• Ability to look at the database from different
  viewpoints

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OLAP Technology
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Geographic Information Systems

• GIS
• DSS that uses geographic databases to construct
  and display maps and other graphics displays
• That support decisions affecting the geographic
  distribution of people and other resources
• Often used with Global Position Systems (GPS)
  devices

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Data Visualization Systems

• DVS
• DSS that represents complex data using
  interactive three-dimensional graphical forms
  such as charts, graphs, and maps
• DVS tools help users to interactively sort,
  subdivide, combine, and organize data while it is
  in its graphical form.

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Using DSS

• What-if Analysis
• End user makes changes to variables, or
  relationships among variables, and observes the
  resulting changes in the values of other
  variables
• Sensitivity Analysis
• Value of only one variable is changed repeatedly
  and the resulting changes in other variables are
  observed

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Using DSS

• Goal-Seeking
• Set a target value for a variable and then
  repeatedly change other variables until the
  target value is achieved
• How can analysis
• Optimization
• Goal is to find the optimum value for one or more
  target variables given certain constraints
• One or more other variables are changed
  repeatedly until the best values for the target
  variables are discovered

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Data Mining

• Main purpose is to provide decision support to
  managers and business professionals through
  knowledge discovery
• Analyzes vast store of historical business data
• Tries to discover patterns, trends, and
  correlations hidden in the data that can help a
  company improve its business performance
• Use regression, decision tree, neural network,
  cluster analysis, or market basket analysis

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Market Basket Analysis

• One of most common data mining for marketing
• The purpose is to determine what products
  customers purchase together with other products

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Executive Information Systems

• EIS
• Combine many features of MIS and DSS
• Provide top executives with immediate and easy
  access to information
• About the factors that are critical to
  accomplishing an organizations strategic
  objectives (Critical success factors)
• So popular, expanded to managers, analysts and
  other knowledge workers

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Features of an EIS

• Information presented in forms tailored to the
  preferences of the executives using the system
• Customizable graphical user interfaces
• Exception reporting
• Trend analysis
• Drill down capability

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Enterprise Interface Portals

• EIP
• Web-based interface
• Integration of MIS, DSS, EIS, and other
  technologies
• Gives all intranet users and selected extranet
  users access
• To a variety of internal and external business
  applications and services
• Typically tailored to the user giving them a
  personalized digital dashboard

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Enterprise Information Portal Components
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Knowledge Management Systems

• The use of information technology to help gather,
  organize, and share business knowledge within an
  organization
• Enterprise Knowledge Portals
• EIPs that are the entry to corporate intranets
  that serve as knowledge management systems

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Enterprise Knowledge Portals
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Case 2 Artificial IntelligenceThe Dawn of the
Digital Brain

• Numenta will translate the way the brain works
  into an algorithm that can run on a new type of
  computer
• The human brain does not work like a computer
• Intelligence, according to Hawkins, is pattern
  recognition

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• A field of science and technology based on
  disciplines such as computer science, biology,
  psychology, linguistics, mathematics, and
  engineering
• Goal is to develop computers that can simulate
  the ability to think, as well as see, hear, walk,
  talk, and feel

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Attributes of Intelligent Behavior

• Think and reason
• Use reason to solve problems
• Learn or understand from experience
• Acquire and apply knowledge
• Exhibit creativity and imagination
• Deal with complex or perplexing situations
• Respond quickly and successfully to new
  situations
• Recognize the relative importance of elements in
  a situation
• Handle ambiguous, incomplete, or erroneous
  information

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Domains of Artificial Intelligence
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Cognitive Science

• Based in biology, neurology, psychology, etc.
• Focuses on researching how the human brain works
  and how humans think and learn

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Robotics

• Based in AI, engineering and physiology
• Robot machines with computer intelligence and
  computer controlled, humanlike physical
  capabilities

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Natural Interfaces

• Based in linguistics, psychology, computer
  science, etc.
• Includes natural language and speech recognition
• Development of multisensory devices that use a
  variety of body movements to operate computers
• Virtual reality
• Using multisensory human-computer interfaces that
  enable human users to experience
  computer-simulated objects, spaces and worlds
  as if they actually exist

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Expert Systems

• ES
• A knowledge-based information system (KBIS) that
  uses its knowledge about a specific, complex
  application to act as an expert consultant to end
  users
• KBIS is a system that adds a knowledge base to
  the other components on an IS

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Expert System Components

• Knowledge Base
• Facts about specific subject area
• Heuristics that express the reasoning procedures
  of an expert (rules of thumb)
• Software Resources
• Inference engine processes the knowledge and
  makes inferences to make recommend course of
  action
• User interface programs to communicate with end
  user
• Explanation programs to explain the reasoning
  process to end user

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Expert System Components
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Methods of Knowledge Representation

• Case-Based knowledge organized in form of cases
• Cases examples of past performance, occurrences
  and experiences
• Frame-Based knowledge organized in a hierarchy
  or network of frames
• Frames entities consisting of a complex package
  of data values

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Methods of Knowledge Representation

• Object-Based knowledge organized in network of
  objects
• Objects data elements and the methods or
  processes that act on those data
• Rule-Based knowledge represented in rules and
  statements of fact
• Rules statements that typically take the form
  of a premise and a conclusion
• Such as, If (condition) then (conclusion)

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Expert System Benefits

• Faster and more consistent than an expert
• Can have the knowledge of several experts
• Does not get tired or distracted by overwork or
  stress
• Helps preserve and reproduce the knowledge of
  experts

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Expert System Limitations

• Limited focus
• Inability to learn
• Maintenance problems
• Developmental costs
• Can only solve specific types of problems in a
  limited domain of knowledge

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Suitability Criteria for Expert Systems

• Domain subject area relatively small and
  limited to well-defined area
• Expertise solutions require the efforts of an
  expert
• Complexity solution of the problem is a complex
  task that requires logical inference processing
  (not possible in conventional information
  processing)
• Structure solution process must be able to cope
  with ill-structured, uncertain, missing and
  conflicting data
• Availability an expert exists who is articulate
  and cooperative

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Development Tool

• Expert System Shell
• Software package consisting of an expert system
  without its knowledge base
• Has inference engine and user interface programs

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Knowledge Engineer

• A professional who works with experts to capture
  the knowledge they possess
• Builds the knowledge base using an iterative,
  prototyping process

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Neural Networks

• Computing systems modeled after the brains
  mesh-like network of interconnected processing
  elements, called neurons
• Interconnected processors operate in parallel and
  interact with each other
• Allows network to learn from data it processes

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Fuzzy Logic

• Method of reasoning that resembles human
  reasoning
• Allows for approximate values and inferences and
  incomplete or ambiguous data instead of relying
  only on crisp data
• Uses terms such as very high rather than
  precise measures

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Genetic Algorithms

• Software that uses
• Darwinian (survival of the fittest), randomizing,
  and other mathematical functions
• To simulate an evolutionary process that can
  yield increasingly better solutions to a problem

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Virtual Reality (VR)

• Computer-simulated reality
• Relies on multisensory input/output devices such
  as
• a tracking headset with video goggles and stereo
  earphones,
• a data glove or jumpsuit with fiber-optic sensors
  that track your body movements, and
• a walker that monitors the movement of your feet

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Intelligent Agents

• A software surrogate for an end user or a process
  that fulfills a stated need or activity
• Uses its built-in and learned knowledge base
• To make decisions and accomplish tasks in a way
  that fulfills the intentions of a user
• Also called software robots or bots

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User Interface Agents

• Interface Tutors observe user computer
  operations, correct user mistakes, and provide
  hints and advice on efficient software use
• Presentation show information in a variety of
  forms and media based on user preferences
• Network Navigation discover paths to
  information and provide ways to view information
  based on user preferences
• Role-Playing play what-if games and other roles
  to help users understand information and make
  better decisions

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Information Management Agents

• Search Agents help users find files and
  databases, search for desired information, and
  suggest and find new types of information
  products, media, and resources
• Information Brokers provide commercial services
  to discover and develop information resources
  that fit the business or personal needs of a user
• Information Filters receive, find, filter,
  discard, save, forward, and notify users about
  products received or desired