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• Health is not simply the absence of disease it
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Origins of Flourishing
Hedonia
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Eudaimonia
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17
Signs of Mental Social Health (Keyes,2002)

• ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????
• Social integration(?????? ???????)
• Social growth and potential(??????? ???????)
• Contribution to society(?????? ???????)
• Acceptance of others(????? ??????)
• Social interest and coherence(??????? ???????)
• ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????
• Self acceptance(????? ???)
• Environmental mastery(???? ?? ????)
• Positive relations with others(????? ???? ??
  ??????)
• Personal growth(??? ????)
• Autonomy(??? ??????)
• Purpose in life(??? ?? ?????)
• Satisfied with your life(????? ?? ?????)

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• A Universal Goal
• Opportunities for women and men to obtain decent
  and productive work, in conditions of freedom,
  equity, security and human dignity

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DWPP One goal,different country focus

• Denmark economic flexibility, equity security
• Panama, Bangladesh, Philippines facing up to the
  globalization and employment challenges
• Bahraindemocratization, labour market reforms
  youth employment

• Morocco industrial restructuring of the textiles
  and garments
• Ghana poverty reduction (GPRS) upgrading the
  informal economy
• Kazakhstan social protection, employment
  socially responsible enterprise restructuring

27
??? ????? 101 (?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????)

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31

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32
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??? ?????
Coplan(1965),Roberts(2000), parad(1965)
43

• ?????? (Caplan,1965)? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????
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• ?????(Robert) ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??
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• ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????
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44

• ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
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45
James ? Gilliland ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????
??????

• ??? ????? ? ????? (Equilibrium)????? ?? ???? ???
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46
??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
Kanel(2003),(adapted) James and Gilliand,
Myer(2001), Robert(2000)
47
6 Step Crisis Intervention Model
Kanel(2003),(adapted) James and Gilliand,
Myer(2001), Robert(2000)
48
??? 7 ???????? ?????? ?????
Kanel(2003),(adapted) James and Gilliand,
Myer(2001), Robert(2000)
49
??? 7 ???????? ?????? ?????
Kanel(2003),(adapted) James and Gilliand,
Myer(2001), Robert(2000)
50
??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
Kanel(2003),(adapted) James and Gilliand,
Myer(2001), Robert(2000)
51
??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
Kanel(2003),(adapted) James and Gilliand,
Myer(2001), Robert(2000)
52

• ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????
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  ??? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???.

Kanel(2003),(adapted) James and Gilliand,
Myer(2001), Robert(2000)
53

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54
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59
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60
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61
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62
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63
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64
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65
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66
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
e_samaram_at_yahoo.com
67
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
In Germany, social work has many different but
still equally valid theories. This is possible
because there are different traditions of social
pedagogy and social work, and the hierarchic
structure of social policy allows different ways
to found and deliver social work. According to
these given facts we would like to outline the
handling of risk (risk management) in four common
theories of social work in Germany   Social work
in the tradition of humanities. Social work in
the tradition of critical theories. Social work
according to the systemic-proceeding theory
(Silvia Staub-Bernasconi). Social work in the
tradition of the system theory (Luhmann).  
68
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
.  Social work in the tradition of humanities
minimizing risk through professional
experience The hermeneutical knowledge theory
assumes that an advanced understanding and
interpretation is necessary to fully understand
the world, social problems, the situation of
clients, etc.
69
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
Within this interpretation process (hermeneutic
circle), part and whole, pre-knowledge and
learning about the subject, and theory and
practice, are all within a reciprocal
enlightenment relation.   Thus the experienced
interpreter (e.g., the social worker) comes to a
real and fundamental understanding of a situation
or a person.   Within this theory Hermann Nohl
builds up social work as pedagogic work
concerning relation and interpretation. Aims for
social work are based on the clients physical
and mental possibilities to develop.  
70
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective

• Tasks of social work within this theory are
• Construction of a personal relationship between
  the social worker and his client. The base of a
  helping relation is the pedagogic relation
  (päd. Bezug), in which the social worker respects
  and acknowledges the client as a person (the
  pedagogic relation is autonomous to effects
  from its environment).
• Observation and interpretation of the clients
  behavior based on the social workers life,
  professional experience, and knowledge of the
  client. Within more modern theories such
  understanding should be based on scientific
  interpretation of case structures.
• Helping by education. According to H. Nohl, help
  leads clients to become aware of their problems
  so they can realize and change their behavior.
  Within this task the social worker has to provide
  a special space of safety and protection
  (called Schonraum), where risks should be
  lowered (childrens homes, institutions to
  protect children, families, etc.) and where
  education could be possible

71
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
Therefore a generally valid program or method to
reduce or avoid risk would not fulfill the demand
for individual help and the pedagogic relation,
and has to be rejected. In this perspective the
social worker should be autonomous and this
autonomy should be granted by the society.
72
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
Social work in the tradition of the enlightenment
(critical theories) allowing and communicating
risk within negotiating processes between social
worker and client Hans Thiersch adopts
hermeneutic ideas and places them in a critical
theory which points out the contradictions of the
post-capitalist society. In his theory, the
clients everyday world is between system and
everyday life, and therefore social work is in
danger of colonizing the everyday world as any
other system does (if social work functions as an
institution). The duty of the social worker
within this perspective is to draw the attention
of clients to their problems, combining this
effort with a critical reflection on the social
causes of individual problems and the connection
between individual help and political action.
That means social work also has to initiate
social changes, for example, by community care,
political action and empowerment processes. The
social worker, therefore, is the person who
analyzes and mediates in the clients everyday
world in order to reveal negative trends and
speed up developments in the clients
consciousness.  
73
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
The transfer of the demand to improve the
clients everyday life and world to be more
successful, combined with the critical reflection
of the society and social work itself, is
communicative. Hans Thiersch constructs a
communicative approach which does not go beyond
the function of revealing contradictions in the
clients everyday life. Even the process of
helping has to be communicated to avoid
colonization by social work.   Within this view
risk is not something to avoid, but to take,
because otherwise there would be no social
progress or social change
74
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
 Hans Thiersch gives us no specific clues of how
to handle risk. It is only the individual social
worker who can estimate the risk in a given
situation by communicating the risk with the
client. To do this appropriately the social
worker cant insure a line of action by any
standards, as such standards would only colonize
the clients world and therefore be
contra-productive. S/he should always keep only a
critical reflection in mind.  
75
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
.  Social work in a systemic-proceeding
perspective (Silvia Staub-Bernasconi) managing
risks with ethical and professional
values Systemic-proceeding social work means that
anything is in movement, anything is transient
and changeable therefore anything is in process
and, moreover, everything existing is integrated
in systems and causally connected. In this
context, but also in the whole social system,
people are confronted with problems of satisfying
their needs and problems of fulfilling the
requests and desires within their lives. People
have to learn to find solutions for those
problems within the structure of social systems
and through cooperation and conflict with other
people. Social work can help find solutions and
support people during that process.
  Staub-Bernasconi divides problems into four
different categories  problems of equipment,
communication, power and criterions, all of which
can either appear isolated or in combination with
any of the other(s). Systemic-proceeding social
work is a position that sees the entirety of the
situation and demands the social workers entire
personality.  
76
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
. According to this, social work is positioned in
sectors where social problems accumulate, i.e.
the social periphery. Social work finds itself in
a field of tensions (individual vs. social
values) on the one hand it aims at individual
satisfaction of needs, but on the other hand it
also aims at a fair proportion between the rights
and duties of individuals and social groups, as
well as a just proportion of power. These are all
conditions of social peace.
77
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
While belonging to a profession which is oriented
towards human-rights (according to
Staub-Bernasconis position), each social worker
always has to be aware of personal and social
values and therefore must deal carefully with
risk and protect the weak. Beyond this, she gives
social work no clear or methodical advice
concerning risk assessment and management  
78
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
.  Social work in the tradition of system theory
(Luhmann) standardizing risk assessment and
risk management procedures Based on Niklas
Luhmanns system theory, Baecker demands a system
of social aid in which social work would be an
autonomous functional system. Baecker builds up
the code of help and non-help, which
separates the system of social aid from other
systems, and at the same time allows internal
communication.   Programs are necessary to
distinguish what is a case of help and what is
a case of non-help.   The decision of help" or
non-help" is made by the profession of social
work, not because of a given situation but
because of given programs or standards. By doing
so, the function and duty of social work can
become more efficient and professional. 
79
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
80
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
. From this position it is possible to define
concise regulations about how to deal with risk,
for example to define clear, research-based
criteria for assessment and intervention in
difficult situations.   As there is no strong
commitment towards social work research in
Germany yet, there are presently hardly any
developed and clear procedures of how to manage
risk in difficult situations. .There is, however,
an increasing awareness of the necessity to
develop and discuss this subject in future.
81
Social Work Theories and Risk A German
Perspective
Comment Until the end of the 80s, social work in
Germany was acting within the hermeneutical,
critical and system-proceeding traditions. There
was enough funding and society respected social
work as an autonomous profession. Taking natural
risks, as well as possible risks within helping
processes, was acceptable.  Currently, money is
lacking and questions about the legitimacy,
effectiveness and transparency of social work are
appearing in society.  Because of this, more
rational theories like the systemic theory are
gaining importance. As social work in Germany is
increasingly considered to be a function of the
modern welfare state, which has to guarantee the
individual rights of its members, it is more and
more challenged to develop clear criteria for its
procedures and interventions, including possible
risks and dangers. However, the classical
theories (which we should not forget) tell us
that if social workers are only aware of their
social function and dont dare to take risk at
all, they will no longer be able to stand up to
their ethical and critical commitment to support
the individual not only for, but also against
society.
82
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e_samaram_at_yahoo.com
83
Books with Chapters on Social Work Theories

• Ewen, R.B. (1998). An Introduction to theories of
  personality. Mahweh, New Jersey Erlbaum
  Associates. (Ref BF 698.E87)An introduction to
  major theorists and their schools of thought.
• Feist, J. Feist, J. (2001). Theories of
  Personality. Boston McGraw Hill. (Ref BF
  698.F365)A comprehensive textbook outlining
  different theories of personality./
• Gilliland, B. (1998) Theories and strategies in
  counseling and psychotherapy. Boston Allyn
  Bacon. (Reserve RC 480.G53)Chapters on Adlerian
  therapy, psychoanalytic theory, Jungian therapy,
  person-centered counseling, Gestalt Therapy,
  behavioral therapy, control theory, cognitive
  therapy, trait-factor counseling, and eclectic
  counseling.
• Kottler, J.A. (2002) Theories in counseling and
  therapy. Boston Allyn Bacon. (Reserve BF
  637.C6 K685)Chapters on the following approaches
  to therapy psychodynamic, humanisticcognitive,
  behavioral, systemic approaches, brief
  approaches, and theories on the cutting edge.

84
Books with Chapters on Social Work Theories

• Payne, M. (2005). Modern Social Work Theory.
  Chicago Lyceum (Ref HV40.P38)Chapters on
  psychodynamic perspectives, crisis intervention,
  cognitive behavioral therapies, systems and
  ecological perspectives, role theory,
  existentialism, and feminist perspectives.
• Robbins, S. (1998). Contemporary human behavior
  theory a critical perspective for social work.
  Boston Allyn Bacon. (Reserve HV
  40.R575)Chapters on systems theories, conflict
  theories, theories of empowerment, psychodynamioc
  theory, lifespan development, transpersonal,
  transpersonal, and behaviorism, social learning,
  and exchange theory.
• Turner, F. (1996). Social work treatment. New
  York Free Press. (Reserve HV 37.S579) Chapters
  on behavior theory, client-centered theory,
  cognitive theory, communication theory, crisis
  theory, ego psychology, existential social work,
  feminist theory, functional theory, and gestalt
  theory.

85
Books with Chapters on Social Work Theories

• The following books go into more depth about
  various social work theories and can be checked
  out of the library.
• Bacal, H. Newman, K.M. (1990). Theories of
  object relations bridges to self psychology. New
  York Columbia University Press.
• Clarkin, J.F. Lenzenwegger, M.F. (1996). Major
  theories of personality disorder. New York
  Guilford Press.
• Cortright, B. (1997). Psychoherapy and spirit
  theory and practice in transpersonal
  psychotherapy. N.Y. State University of New
  York Press.
• Deasy, L. (1964). Social role theory its
  component parts, and some applications.
  Washington Catholic University of America Press.
  (Stacks HM131 .D38)
• Fonagy, P. Target, M. (2003). Psychoanalytic
  theories perspectives from developmental
  psychopathology. New York Brunner Routledge.
  (Stacks RJ 469.F66)

86
Books with Chapters on Social Work Theories

• Fraser, M. (2004). Risk and resilience in
  childhood an ecological perspective.
  Washington, DC NASW Press. (Stacks HV741 .R565)
• Hardy, M. (1988). Role theory perspectives for
  health professionals. Norwalk, Conn. Appleton
  Lange. (Stacks HM131 .D38)
• Ivey, A.E. (2002). Theories of counseling and
  psychotherapy. Boston Allyn Bacon. (Stacks RC
  466.5.T474)
• Jordon, S.J. (1998). Systems theories and a
  priori aspects of perception. New York
  Elsevier. (Stacks HM701 .M53)
• Lehman, P. Coady, N. (2001). Theoretical
  perspectives for direct social work practice a
  generalist-eclectic approach. New York Springer
  Pub. (Stacks HV43 .T42)
• Midgely, G. (2000). Systemic intervention
  philosophy, methodology, and practice. New York
  Kluwer Academic. (Stacks BF311 .S848)
• Messner, S.B. (1997) Theories of psychotherapy
  origins and evolution . Washington, DC American
  Psychological Association (RC480 .T442 1997)

87
Books with Chapters on Social Work Theories

• Owens, T.J.(2000).Self and identity through the
  life course in cross-cultural perspective.
  Stamford, Conn. JAI Press. (Stacks HQ1060 .C87)
• Richard H. Mikesell, Don-David Lusterman, and
  Susan H. McDaniel. (1995). Integrating family
  therapy handbook of familypsychology and
  systems theory. Washington, DC American
  Psychological Association. (Reference RC488.5
  .I497)
• Nelson, J. (1980) Communication theory and social
  work practice. Chicago University of Chicago
  Press. (Stacks HV91 .N43)
• Ronch, J.L. Goldfield, J.A. (2003). Mental
  wellness in aging strengths-based approaches.
  Baltimore Health Professions Press. (Stacks
  RC451.4.A5 M4627)
• Sternberg, R. (2001). Family environment and
  intellectual functioning a life-span
  perspective. Mahwah, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum
  Associates. (Stacks Stacks HQ728 .F3118).

88
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e_samaram_at_yahoo.com