Reducing Air Pollution from Urban Transport

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Reducing Air Pollution From Urban Transport Todd
M Johnson BAQ 2004 Agra, India December 6-8, 2004
Reducing Air Pollution from Urban Transport Todd
M Johnson BAQ 2004 Agra, India
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Urban Air Pollution Sources
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Urban Air Pollution Impacts and the Role of
Transport

• Important contributor to air pollution
• Leaded gasoline lead has been largely phased out
  around the world
• Fine and ultrafine particles in vehicle
  exhaustmain concern now
• Ozone precursors (HC and NOx) in vehicle
  exhaustemerging problem for the future
• Burden of disease from urban air pollution
• WHO estimated 646,000 attributable deaths to
  urban air pollution in developing countries in
  2000. Morbidity numbers are much higher
• Future challenge
• Rising income and motorization will increase
  pollution unless concerted measures are taken

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Transport
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Contribution to different pollutants by sector
São Paulo 2002
NOx
PM10
CO
HC
SO2
Light vehicles
Industry
Secondary aerosols
Heavy vehicles
Ressuspension
CETESB 2002
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Delhi
S-S-A-W
22-24-19-23
Mumbai
Transport Contribution
28--22-26
Kolkata
35-69-64-24
Chandigarh
-24--
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Typical developing country context

• Emissions from heavy-duty vehicles and 2-3
  wheelers
• Old vehicle fleets, second-hand vehicle imports,
  weak maintenance culture, overloading,
  overfueling
• Private operators with low profit margin, highly
  polluting vehicles and/or bus companies with
  limited resources for OM
• Fuel adulteration and poor fuel quality
• Little quantitative assessment of the air quality
  problem

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Transport priorities in developing countries

• Increase access to motorized transport for both
  passengers and goods delivery.
• Promote public transportation and find low-cost
  ways of transporting large numbers of people
  buses and priority systems
• Protect and expand infrastructure for pedestrians
  and bicyclists
• Sector reforms are often needed to improve the
  viability, efficiency, safety, and environmental
  sustainability of transport

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Why air quality action is difficult in the urban
transport sector

• Key goal of transport policy
• Increase access to mobility
• Move goods efficiently
• Key goal of environmental policy
• Reduce adverse environmental effects of transport
  activities short and long-term
• Actors are fragmented and self-interested
• How to marry the two?
• Economic incentives and disincentives, standards
  and regulations

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Interventions in the transport sector

• Transport system improvements planning,
  management, public transport vs. private vehicles
• Fiscal policies fuel taxes, import duties, road
  pricing, vehicle taxes
• Control of in-use vehicles (IM)
• Fuel quality and vehicle technology vehicle and
  fuel standards, import policies

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Advanced Technology and Fuels

• Adequate standards, regulations, and enforcement
  capacity should be in place.
• Technology and fuels must be introduced in
  parallel and should be cost competitive with
  alternatives (preferably through taxes on
  pollution).
• A maintenance culture and adequate numbers of
  trained personnel are needed.
• Adequate reform of the transport sector may be a
  precondition for success.

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Diesel Fuel Quality

• Largest health benefits will result from reducing
  sulfur levels from thousands of ppm.
• Below 350-500 ppm, benefits accrue primarily
  through the introduction of advanced emission
  control equipment.
• If new refinery additions, or major revamps, move
  to ultra-low sulfur levels immediately.
• If major urban air pollution problems are from
  vehicles, consider simultaneously introducing
  ultralow sulfur diesel and vehicles with advanced
  emission control equipment in those cities.

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U.S. Particulate Emission Standards for Urban
Buses
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Summary Considerations for Policymakers

• Urban transport policy will be driven by mobility
  and development concerns
• Seek synergies with transport objectives and face
  trade-offs to reduce air pollution
• One size doesnt fit all
• The institutional and policy framework is
  fundamental to long-term solutions
• Technology will provide major environmental gains
  but will rarely be successful in a vacuum
• Work with and not against economic incentives