Fragility of Buildings in Thailand Damaged by

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Fragility of Buildings in Thailand Damaged by
Indian Ocean Tsunami and Recovery after One Year
Assistant Professor Anat Ruangrassamee,
Ph.D. Center of Excellence in Earthquake
Engineering and Vibration
Department of Civil EngineeringChulalongkorn
University Bangkok, Thailand
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Outline of Presentation
Overview of Damage Damage Database Fragility of
Buildings Subjected to Tsunami and
Current Research in Tsunami Engineering
Recovery after Tsunami
Peoples Evacuation on 28 March and 24 July 2005
Summary
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From LANSAT, GISTDA
Affected Areas
Six provinces on the west coastof Southern
Thailand
Ranong
Phang-Nga
Krabi
Phuket
Trang
As of March 24, 2005 http//www.disaster.go.th
Satun
4
Runup
From LANSAT, GISTDA
Ban-Nam-Kem, Phang-Nga
Water level
Ranong
4.8 m
Ground level
Ban-Bang-Niang, Khaolak, Phang-Nga
8.1 m
Phang-Nga
12 m
4.8 m
Krabi
Phuket
4.3 m
Sirinart National Park, Phuket
5-6 m
Trang
2.5 m
Satun
2.6 m
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Major Damaged Area
Khaolak, Phang-nga
2.5 km
12 km
1 km
IKONOS Image
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Details of Investigation
Investigated Structures Buildings Retaining
Structures Roads Bridges Phuket International
Airport Ports Power Systems Water Supply
Systems Waste Water Treatment Systems
Site Phang-Nga Phuket Krabi (Phi Phi
Island) Date 29-30 December 2004 7-10 January
2005 29 January 4 February 2005 23 March 1
April 2005 18-19 May 2005 3-4 August 2005 12-13
October 2005
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Damage to Retaining Structures
In the location where houses are constructed
close to the shoreline, retaining walls are
needed. The failure of the wall results in rapid
scouring. Spread footings become unsupported.
30 December 2004
30 January 2005
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Damage to Bridges
Kamala Beach, Phuket
3mx30m pedestrian bridge collapsed.
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Damage to Bridges
Collapse of bridge barriers due to lateral force
actingin the direction not considered in the
design
Direction of force
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Damage to Buildings
Wall punching
Erosion
Bending failure
Lateral bending of beams
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Database of Tsunami-Induced Structural Damage
The 26 December 2004 tsunami is the real test for
the resistance of buildings against a tsunami.
Systematic and quantitative damage evaluation can
provide informationon the proper design of
structures against tsunamis.
The damage evaluation criteria for
post-earthquake structural inspectionwas
modified for post-tsunami structural inspection
by includingtypical tsunami-induced damage. And
the web-based database system was developed.
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Database of Tsunami-Induced Structural Damage
Classification of Damage Levels of Columns
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Database of Tsunami-Induced Structural Damage
http//evr.eng.chula.ac.th/earthquake/DamageSurvey
/
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Database of Tsunami-Induced Structural Damage
Function of buildings
No. of stories of buildings
Total number of buildings 94
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Database of Tsunami-Induced Structural Damage
Overall damage
Damage to walls
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Database of Tsunami-Induced Structural Damage
Kamala Beach, Phuket
No. of buildings 77
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Fragility of Buildings Subjected to Tsunami
Relation between damage level and inundation
height
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Fragility of Buildings Subjected to Tsunami
Relation between averaged damage level and
inundation height
D
H
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Lateral Load Resistance of RC Column
To calibrate the visually-inspected damage to
actual structural performance,the loading test
of a RC column was conducted.
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Details of Tested RC Column
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Lateral Load Resistance of RC Column
1 drift
2 drift
4 drift
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Relation of Crack Width with Some Parameters
Resolution 0.05 mm
Crack measurement
Resolution 0.02 mm
Crack width vs Drift ratio
Crack width vs Normalized load
C
L
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Relation of Crack Width with Some Parameters
At the drift ratio of 6.6
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Tsunami Simulation of Runup in Khaolak
In collaboration with Tsunami Engineering
Laboratory, Tohoku University
Domain of computation in spherical coordinates
Domain of computation in cartesian coordinates
Rupture
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Bathymetry and Topography
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Surface Deformation
-2
4
2 rupture planes
Proposed by Tsunami Engineering
Laboratory, Tohoku University
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Simulation Results
Phang-Nga (6-8m)
Phuket (6m)
Nicoba Island (15m)
Aceh (25m)
Faults
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Simulation Results at Khaolak
Pakarang (Coral) Cape
Receding water
Incoming wave
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Evacuation Route
Evacuation route
Safe place
By Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn
University, Department of Mineral
ResourcesMinistry of Natural Resources and
Environment
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Ongoing Research Projects
Calibration Friction Fault model
Numerical Simulation of Phuket/Khaolak
Observed data
Assume possible rupture mechanisms
Real-time hazard map by parallel computing

• Hazard map
• Inundated area
• Runup height
• Arrival time
• Velocity

Ranges of velocitiesand tsunami heights are
known.
SOFT MEASURES
HARD MEASURES
Formulation for estimating tsunami forces on
structures
Experiment
Analysis
of tsunami forces on structures
Tsunami damage database
Tsunami-resistant design criteria - detailing,
configurations
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Recovery after Tsunami
Kamala Beach
Courtesy of Mr. Phaisarn Pongnaritsorn
25 March 2005
26 December 2004
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Recovery after Tsunami
Patong Beach
Unknown source
26 December 2004
25 March 2005
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Recovery after Tsunami
Patong Beach
Unknown source
25 March 2005
26 December 2004
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Recovery after Tsunami
Patong Beach
31 January 2005
12 October 2005
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Recovery after Tsunami
Some warning signs were installed.
19 May 2005
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Recovery after Tsunami
Warning towers at Patong Beach
62 towers will be completed by March 2006.
19 May 2005
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Questionnaire on 28 Mar and 24 July Evacuation
24 July 2005
28 March 2005
77
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Questionnaire on 28 Mar and 24 July Evacuation
24 July 2005
28 March 2005
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Problems Traffic jam and accidents Most people
did not walk. People dont know evacuation
routes. In some tsunami-prone areas, people did
not hear warning.
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Summary

• Hazard maps are the urgent materials needed to
  be developed to let people know their risks.

• More education to local community about
  preparedness and evacuation is required. A
  workshop was done in Phuket to educate community
  leaders and related governmental offices in the
  end of September. The next workshop would
  focus on utilization of tsunami hazard maps,
  evacuation, general knowledge
• for local people.

• In some places, evacuation buildings and design
  guidelines are required.
• We need to clarify the design force and
  criteria for tsunami-resistant design via a
  series of experiment and analyses.

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Summary

• People are forgetting the disaster. Drills or
  memorial activities needs to be arranged.

Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University
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Acknowledgements
All local people who share experience gained from
their losses ASCE Earthquake Investigation
Committee (USA) Institute of Civil Engineers
(UK) Chulalongkorn University Department of
Public Works and Urban Planning, Ministry of
Interior Affairs Public Works and Urban Planning
Bureau in Phuket and Phang-Nga Council of
Engineers Phang-Nga Navy Base Phuket
International Airport Airport Authority of
Thailand Patong Municipality Patong Municipality
Wastewater Treatment Plant
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Acknowledgements
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
Transport Port and Airport Research
Institute Hirogawa town Miyagi Prefecture
Government Miyagi International
Association Professor Fumihiko Imamura Assoc.
Professor Shunichi Koshimura and all members in
Tsunami Engineering Laboratory, Tohoku
University JMA Sendai Observatory Tohoku Regional
Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and
Transports Kesennuma City Miyagi Fire Defense and
Prevention Division, Heliport.
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Thank You
Center of Excellence in Earthquake Engineering
and Vibration Department of Civil
Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn
University http//evr.eng.chula.ac.th The
information about database system, fragility, and
test results was submitted forpossible
publication in Earthquake Spectra. Investigation
on Tsunami-Induced Damage and Fragility of
Buildings in Thailand Anat Ruangrassamee,
Hideaki Yanagisawa, Piyawat Foitong, Panitan
Lukkunaprasit, Shunichi Koshimura, Fumihiko
Imamura