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CELLS

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A cell's structure is directly related to its function! ... organelle is a small structure inside a cell that performs a specific function. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CELLS


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CELLS!!!!!
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
  • A prokaryotic cell is one that does not contain a
    nucleus or any organelles. Bacteria are
    prokaryotic cells. They contain DNA that is not
    enclose in a nucleus and some ribosomes in the
    cytoplasm. They are primitive cells
  • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other
    membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and
    vacuoles. They are found in all organisms other
    than bacteria.

4
Scientists who studied cells
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1600)
  • developed the first microscope
  • Robert Hooke (1660)
  • named the parts of a cork cell
  • Robert Brown (1830)
  • named the dark part in the center the nucleus
  • Mathias Schleiden (1833)
  • concluded that plants are made of cells
  • Theodore Schwann (1833)
  • concluded that animals are made of cells
  • Rudolph Virchow (1855)
  • cells arise form preexisting cells

5
Cell Theory
  • The work of many scientists has given rise to our
    modern cell theory
  • All living things are composed of cells.
  • Cells are the basic unit of structure and
    function in living things.
  • All cells come from preexisting cells.

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Prokaryotic Cell
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Bacteria
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Animal Cells
  • There are a few important differences between
    plant and animal cells.
  • Animal cells have
  • smaller vacuoles
  • no cell walls
  • centrioles
  • no chloroplasts
  • lysosomes

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Animal Cell
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Animal Cell
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Plant cells
  • Plant cells have
  • large vacuoles for storage of water (support)
  • cell walls (support)
  • no centrioles
  • plastids-chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts
    (storage of pigments)
  • no lysosomes

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Plant Cell
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Plant Cell
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Structure and function
  • A cells structure is directly related to its
    function!
  • Long and skinny cells are good for movement.
    (muscle and nerve cells)
  • Round cells are good for transportation. (red
    blood cells)
  • Flat cells are good for covering and protection.
    (skin)
  • Columnar cells are good for absorption.
    (intestines and stomach)

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Organelles
  • An organelle is a small structure inside a cell
    that performs a specific function.
  • cell wall -vacuole
  • cell membrane -plastid
  • nucleus -cytoskeleton
  • cytoplasm -cilia
  • mitochondria -flagella
  • ribosome -centrioles
  • endoplasmic reticulum -nucleolus
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosome

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Cell Membrane
  • The cell membrane is composed of
  • phospholipids (two fatty acids)
  • hydrophilic heads point to inside and outside of
    cell
  • hydrophobic tails in the middle
  • proteins
  • used to carry molecules in and out of the cell
  • carbohydrates
  • used for recognition of self (antigens)
  • Its function is to regulate the substances that
    come into and out of the cell.

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Cell Membrane
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
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Cell Wall
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Nucleus
  • The function of the nucleus is to hold the DNA
    which stores the genetic code for the cell.
  • There is a part of the nucleus that functions to
    make ribosomes that is called the nucleolus.

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Nucleus
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Nucleus
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Cytoskeleton
  • The cell has an internal support network composed
    of microtubules and microfilaments that together
    are called the cytoskeleton.
  • The cytoskeleton runs throughout the cytoplasm
    and holds the organelles in place.
  • Specialized microfilaments and microtubules
    become flagella and cilia that are used for
    movement.

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Cytoskeleton
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Plastids
  • Plastids are found only in plants and are
    organelles that store pigments. The most famous
    is the chloroplast that stores the green pigment
    cholrophyll.
  • Leucoplast (white pigment)
  • Chromoplast (red pigment)

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Chloroplast
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Mitochondria
  • The mitochondria is considered the power house
    of the cell. It is the site where chemical energy
    in food is converted into the cellular form of
    energy called ATP.
  • It is composed of an internal membrane called the
    cristae. The inside of the cristae is called the
    matrix.

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Mitochondria
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Mitochondrion
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Mitochondrial Evolution
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Ribosomes
  • Ribosomes are the organelle where proteins are
    made. They float freely in the cytoplasm and are
    attached to the endoplasmic reticulcum to form
    rough ER.
  • Ribosomes are the only organelle that is found in
    the cytoplasm of bacteria cells.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • The ER is specialized to help transport things
    throughout the cell.
  • It is ROUGH when there are ribosomes attached to
    it. It is SMOOTH when there are no ribososmes
    attached.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Lysosome
  • Lysosomes are the areas of the cell responsible
    for digestion and waste removal.

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Lysosomes
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Golgi Apparatus
  • The golgi body is the area of the cell that is
    responsible for collecting, modifying, packaging
    and distributing molecules. Proteins that are
    made at the ribosome will travel to the GA to be
    prepared and sent to the appropriate part of the
    cell or exported out of the cell.

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Golgi Apparatus
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Vacuole
  • Vacuoles are the storage areas of the cell. The
    vacuoles store thing like salt, water, proteins
    and carbohydrates.
  • In plant cells, there is a large central vacuole
    that stores water. When plants go into water
    stress, they lose the water in the central
    vacuole which results in wilting.
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