Pork Production in the United States

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Pork Production in the United States

• Joel Brendemuhl
• Tim Marshall
• University of Florida

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U.S. swine industry is changing fast

• Who raises hogs?
• How hogs are raised?
• Where hogs are raised?

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Vertical Integrationof the Swine Industry

• One company controls, through ownership or
  contract relationships, from the farm to the fork

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Trends Changing the U.S. Swine Industry

• 1. Improved herd performance
• - Producer efficiency -
• 2. Fewer bigger hog farms
• 3. Specialization
• 4. Fewer bigger packing plants
• 5. Geographic shift in production
• 6. Integration of production and packing
• 7. Contracting
• 8. Globalization

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Trends in the Industry

• Producer Efficiency
• Pigs/litter
• Litters per breeding animal
• Market pigs per breeding animal
• Pork production per breeding animal
• Slaughter weights

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Estimated Daily Slaughter Capacity, U.S. June,
2000
PorkFacts, 2000-2001
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Fewer Bigger Hog Farms
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Total Hog Farms, 1000 farms United States
USDA/NASS, 2001
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Average Inventory Per U.S. Hog Farm
R. Plain - Univ. of Missouri
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Percent of Inventory by Size of OperationUnited
States
USDA-NASS, 12-28-00
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Percent of Operations and Inventory United States
USDA-NASS, 12-28-00
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10 Largest U.S. Hog Farms

• Smithfield Foods 675,000 sows
• Conti Group 201,000 sows
• Seaboard Farms 175,000 sows
• Prestage Farms 122,000 sows
• Tyson Foods 110,000 sows
• Cargill 109,000 sows
• Iowa Select 96,000 sows
• Christensen Farms 74,000 sows
• Purina Mills 70,000 sows
• Goldsboro Hog Farm 70,000 sows
• Source Successful Farming

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Specialization

• Allowed producers to become more efficient and
  lower costs of operation.

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Early Production1950s
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Todays Confinement Building
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Farrowing Barn
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Farrowing Crate
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Nursery
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Growing - Finish
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Most operations are an All-in / All-out type of
production
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A Pot200 Slaughter Pigs
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Conventional farrow to finish
Breeding-gestation
Farrowing (3 to 4 wk)
Site 1
Nursery (to 50 )
Finishing (to 260 )
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Segregated Early Weaning 3 Site
Breeding-gestation
Site 1
Farrowing (2 to 3 wk)
Nursery (to 50 )
Site 2
Site 3
Finishing (to 260 )
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Modern Swine Production

• Intensive management
• Breeding programs - hybrids
• Feeding programs
• Environmentally controlled buildings
• Disease control/sanitation is critical
• all in, all out production systems
• shower in, shower out
• Multiple-site systems

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Where are pigs produced in the United States?
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Corn Production
1
3
2
Primary energy source CORN
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Soybean Production
2
1
Primary protein source soybean meal
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Traditional Swine Producing Areas
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Geographic Shift
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Geographic Shift in Hog Production

• Sows are leaving the corn states
• Hogs went to N.C. because N.C. developed a better
  system
• Hogs are moving west to get away from rain and
  people

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Percent of U.S. Swine Breeding Herd

• State 1980 2000 Change
• N.C. 3.73 15.95 12.22
• Okla. 0.54 5.42 4.88
• Colo. 0.44 3.03 2.59
• Utah 0.08 1.27 1.19
• Ky 2.01 0.80 -1.21
• Wis 2.95 1.20 -1.75
• Ill 9.77 7.18 -2.59
• Ga 3.84 0.88 -2.96
• Iowa 22.98 17.86 -5.12

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Where are the Pigs?
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Contracting

• Farrowing
• Nursery
• Finishing

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Swine Breeds Breeding Mgmt
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Categorizing Swine Breeds

• Colored
• Paternal -- muscle, growth traits, leanness
• White
• Maternal -- milk, litter size, mothering ability

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Duroc

• Paternal breed
• Red
• Droopy ears

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Hampshire

• Paternal breed
• Black w/ white belt
• Erect ears

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Yorkshire

• Maternal breed
• White
• Erect ears

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Landrace

• Maternal breed
• White
• Large droopy ears

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Reproductive Mgmt of Swine
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Boar Reproductive Tract
High semen volume 150-250 ml Low concentration
200-300 million/ml If use AI, may breed 10-20
sows/ejaculate
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Sow Reproductive Tract
Rectum
Ovary
Vagina
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Mammary
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Sow Reproductive Information
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Reproductive Management

• Estrus Detection - expose the sow/gilt to boar
• vocalization, flirt with the ears
• respond to pressure on the rump (wont move)
• greatly swollen vulva

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Reproductive Management

• Mating systems
• Pen mating
• natural, but controlled matings based on estrus
• Artificial Insemination (AI)
• ? usage by large integrators (nearly 100)
• use fresh semen, collected from boars on site
• frozen semen yields smaller litters than fresh

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Farrowing

• Process of the sow/gilt giving birth.
• Farrowing stalls (crates)
• protect baby pigs from being crushed
• provides for dual heat
• drip coolers for the sow
• heat pads/lamps for baby pigs (85-95o F)