Title: AG704 Agriculture, Environment and Sustainability Convenor: Dr. John A Finn Dr. Julian Park
1AG704 Agriculture, Environment and
SustainabilityConvenor Dr. John A
Finn Dr. Julian Park
2Objectives
- Introduce the module
- Introduce website
- Provide a historical perspective that outlines
why sustainability has become an issue - Discuss Sustainability as a concept
3AG704 Agriculture, Environment and Sustainability
- What issues/questions do you expect to encounter
in this module?
4Specific examples of issues
- Soil erosion and land degradation
- Genetically modified crops
- Pollution
- Climate change and consequences
- Irrigation
- Agrochemical usage
- Profitability of farming
- Precautionary principle
- Renewable energy, polluter-pays principle
- Rate of consumption of non-renewables
5Examples of the BIG issues
- Population growth
- Food production to match population growth
- Resource consumption
- per capita and total rates of consumption,
renewal - Limits on science and technology
- Limits on the environment
6In a nutshell
- The current human presence and scale of activity
on Earth is truly unique -
- never before in Earth's history have there
existed so many people, each using so many
resources and involving such a degree of
manipulation of Earth's ecosystems.
7Perspectives from history
- Development of human population size
- Development of agriculture as an (extremely
effective ) agent of environmental change - What are the consequences of these developments?
8A (very) brief history of Agriculture
- Until about 12000 years ago- hunter-gatherer
2-20m - Domestication of crops
- Human settlement, civilisation
- 1800 Global agricultural evolution (1 billion)
- nutritious and productive foods from foreign
countries (maize, potato etc), modern rotations,
science applied to agriculture, - 1950 Green Revolution (2.5 billion)
- plant breeding and genetics, fertilisers,
pesticides - 2000 ?????????????? (6 billion)
- 2050 (8-10 billion)
9Agriculture and environmental change
- Agricultural ecosystems have caused four species
(barley, maize, rice and wheat) to occupy about
40 of global cropland as monocultures - simplification and homogenisation of worlds
ecosystems - What will be the impacts of a further doubling in
food production? - (Tilman, 1999 )
10Consequences of these developments
- Unprecedented rate and scale of resource
consumption e.g. energy (O/H) - Conversion of natural ecosystems
- Environmental degradation at local and global
scales - Short-term gains with ignorance of long-term
consequences - Food production to match population?
- See ltwww.pnas.orggt volume 96
11In a nutshell
- The current human presence and scale of activity
on Earth is truly unique -
- never before in Earth's history have there
existed so many people, each using so many
resources and involving such a degree of
manipulation of Earth's ecosystems.
12Sustainability- Brundtland definition
- Sustainable development meets the needs of the
present generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. (Brundtland 1987) - Needs and Limitations
- For an introductory discussion of the
concept/definition of sustainability Spedding,
C.R.W., 1996, Agriculture and the citizen.
13Fig. 1. Based on FAO data, world food production,
measured as the sum of cereals, coarse grains and
root crops, almost doubled from 1961 to 1996. A
linear regression, and 95 and 99 confidence
intervals for the regression, are shown.