IAEA Experiences and roles the Nuclear Security Plan 20062009

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IAEA Experiences and roles the Nuclear Security
Plan 2006-2009
South Asian Strategic Stability Institute, annual
meeting 2006

• Anita Nilsson
• Director, Office of Nuclear Security

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Main Threats of Nuclear Terrorism

• A nuclear explosive device
• Theft of device
• Theft of material to make a device
• Radiological Dispersal Device
• Theft of radioactive material
• Sabotage for dispersal
• A nuclear facility/location
• Transport

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The Dual Use Aspect

• Dilemma
• Peaceful uses of nuclear technologies are
  essential for development, and of vital
  importance in our daily lives
• Nuclear weapons require nuclear materials,
  produced with similar or the same physics and
  chemical processes
• I.E. The same processes may have peaceful and
  military applications
• Thus, making available of nuclear technologies to
  all non-nuclear weapons States for peaceful
  purposes, is balanced by States obligations as
  regards peaceful uses.

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Global Security EvolutionCold War - Post Cold
War - Post 9/11
Main Players

• Nation-states
• Bi-polar
• Superpowers

• Non-States
• Small states
• Global network

Threats

• Low density, low intensity
• Higher probability
• Socio - psychological terror

• High density, high intensity
• Lower Probability
• Physical overkill

• Geopolitical
• Predictable
• Calculable

• Malicious
• Unpredictable
• Incalculable

Motives
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Global Nuclear Security Regime

• Nuclear Safeguard Non-proliferation
• Nuclear Security Counter Terrorism
• Nuclear Safety Technical Accident Prevention

Holistic Approach
Safeguard
Safeguard
Safety
Security
Safety
Security
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Legal basis to combat illicit trafficking

• National requirements (laws and regulations) and
  policy
• SCR 1540 obliges States to establish effective
  monitoring to detect trafficking in nuclear
  materials
• CPPNM requires States to ensure physical
  protection of nuclear material in international
  nuclear transport
• CPPNM requires States to cooperate to return
  nuclear material seized in trafficking
• Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of
  radioactive sources includes guides on
  export/import control for radioactive sources

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Basic approaches for international efforts to
strengthen nuclear (and radiological) security

• Responsibility for nuclear and radiological
  security rests with each individual State.
• Nuclear, and radiological, terrorism is one of
  the greatest threats to society.
• The building of infrastructure to combat nuclear
  terrorism is in the beginning efforts must be
  accelerated to catch up with the need to
  strengthen prevention against such acts.
• The IAEA has an important role in the global
  efforts to improve the global nuclear security
  framework and for promoting its implementation.
• New recognition of the need of broad approaches
  and of synergies between security, safety and
  safeguards.
• Establish international cooperation while
  maintaining confidentiality of sensitive
  information.

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The platform of legal instruments

• Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear
  Materials (Amended in 2005)
• gt110 States (and Euratom) Parties.
• Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear
  Terrorism
• gt100 States signatories
• Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols
• Several States have yet to sign and ratify the
  Additional Protocol.
• UN Security Council Resolutions 1540 and 1374
• Obligations are binding for all States.
• Nuclear Safety Conventions
• Non-binding Code of Conduct on the Safety and
  Security of Radioactive Sources

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Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach
Needs assessment, analysis and information
Information data-banks, Illicit Trafficking
Database, analysis of information, programme
feed-back Integrated Nuclear Security Support
Plans, Interaction with general public.
Security Infrastructure
Maintaining confidentiality of information
Prevention
Accountancy, SSAC, registry of sources
(first line of defence)
Physical protection
Detection and Monitoring, interdiction and seizure
Threat assessment and response
Detection Response
Law Enforcement, intelligence
(second line of defence)
Mitigation and Recovery
Radiological Event
Radiological emergency response
Nuclear Security Support
(Knowledge Base, Legal Framework)
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Modalities of implementation

• Nuclear security framework The IAEA Nuclear
  Security Series with guidance documents
• Services Missions for evaluation and
  assessments technical advice
• Human resource development
• Technical assistance urgently needed technical
  improvement equipment
• Research and development (CRP)

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Human resource development IAEA - Pakistan
cooperation programme

• Combating illicit trafficking in nuclear and
  other radioactive materials
• Security of radioactive sources
• Physical protection of nuclear materials and
  facilities objectives and principles
• Incident and radiological emergency responses
• Maintaining confidentiality of sensitive
  information

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Interacting with International Organizations

• Cooperation and joint projects
• Providing analysis, support to and co-sponsor of
  IAEA technical guidance.
• Convening joint meetings on CBRN issues.
• Sharing of relevant information (within
  respective mandates), enhanced analytical efforts
• Joint work on combating illicit nuclear
  trafficking
• Partner International Organizations
• International Criminal Police Organization
  (Interpol)
• European Police Office (Europol)
• Universal Postal Union (UPU)
• World Customs Organization (WCO)
• Organization for Security and Cooperation in
  Europe (OSCE)
• Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU)
• United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC)
• United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice
  Research Institute (UNICRI)

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Concluding remarks

• The implementation of the strengthened platform
  of international legal instruments is a very
  significant step forward and a challenge.
• Increased coordination and cooperation is
  required, as well as education, training,
  detection equipment, scientific support and
  information analysis and feedback.
• Reality shows that continued efforts are required
  to combat illicit nuclear trafficking
• States efforts to control and combat trafficking
  in radioactive materials could/should be paired
  with efforts to combat trafficking in sensitive
  nuclear equipment
• IAEA to maintain a leading role in the global
  efforts to improve global nuclear (and
  radiological) security and is strengthening
  international coordination.

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