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Early India
Main Idea Early civilization arose in the Indus
River Valley, flourished, and then mysteriously
died out.

• Reading Focus
• How did Indias geography affect the development
  of civilization there?
• What were the defining features of the Indus
  Valley Civilization?

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Indias Geography

• Indus River flows across northwest edge of Indian
  subcontinentlarge landmass, part of a continent
• Home of one of ancient worlds great river valley
  civilizations
• Indian subcontinent includes three major
  geographic zones
• Far north Himalaya, Hindu Kush mountain systems,
  
• South Deccan Plateau, receives less rain than
  other parts of subcontinent
• Between mountains, plateau are Northern Plains,
  where society first developed in India

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Floods and Annual Rainfall
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Water Critical Factor
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Describe What problems could monsoons cause for
early Indians?
Answer(s) flooding or drought
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Indus Valley Civilization
People have lived in the northern parts of the
Indian subcontinent for thousands of years. As
hunter-gatherers then farming communities.
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• Life in Towns and Cities
• Water came from community wells, smaller wells in
  courtyards of homes
• Public drainage systems
• Walled, elevated citadelfortressenclosed
  buildings like granaries, warehouses
• Homes, workshops, shrines built outside citadel
• Uniformity suggests central authority in power

• Economy
• Economy likely based on agriculture, trade
• Most probably farmed, herded livestock
• In cities, people made crafts like pottery,
  metalwork, jewelry
• Indus traded goods with people nearby, and
  distant civilizations including mesopotamia,
  Arabian Peninsula, and Central Asia

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Society

• Few Details
• Archaeologists, historians have few details
• Had writing system, not translated yet
• Some say Indus civilization single society,
  rather than collection of city-states

• Similarities
• People shared common tool designs, standard set
  of weights, measures
• Suggest single authority in control
• thrived from about 2500 BC to 2000 BC, then
  declined

• Decline
• Reasons unknown
• Invasion, disease, or environmental damage such
  as floodingalso disappearance of Sarasvati river

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Analyze Why do historians know relatively little
about Indus society?
Answer(s) have not deciphered Indus writing
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Hinduism

• Reading Focus
• What basic teachings do most Hindus share?
• What are the sacred texts and religious practices
  of Hinduism?

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Basic Teachings of Hinduism
One of the worlds oldest religions, Hinduism, is
practiced by most people in India today. Hinduism
evolved over thousands of years and was
influenced by the cultures and traditions of many
peoples. However a few fundamental teachings are
shared by nearly all Hindus.
Three devas- Brahma, Vishnu, Siva -are
particularly influential. Some believe in
thousands others worship only one as the true
manifestation of Brahman.
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Rebirth and Salvation

• Pattern of Life
• After death atman reborn in process called
  reincarnation, or samsara

• New Life
• new life shaped by karmasum effect of deeds,
  actions
• Good karma, reincarnated to better station in
  life bad karma, lower station in life
• Ultimate goal of human existence, moksha, escape
  from cycle of rebirth

• Dharma
• With moksha, atman leaves world, reunites fully
  with Brahman
• To achieve moksha is to fulfill ones
  dharmaspiritual duties, obligations
• By fulfilling dharma, one creates good karma,
  breaks free from rebirth cycle

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Define What is moksha, and how is it central to
Hindu teachings?
Answer(s) escape from cycle of rebirth, reunion
with Brahman ultimate goal for Hindus way to
achieve moksha is to fulfill one's dharma
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Hindu Religious Practices
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Buddhism
Main Idea Buddhism, which teaches people that
they can escape the suffering of the world
through the Buddhas teachings, developed in
India and spread to other parts of Asia and the
world.

• Reading Focus
• How did the early life of the Buddha lead to the
  beginnings of Buddhism?
• What are the major teachings of Buddhism?
• What areas were affected by the spread of
  Buddhism?

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The Life of the Buddha
In addition to Hinduism, another of the worlds
major religions developed in ancient India. That
religion was Buddhism.
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The Life of the Buddha

• Gautama was determined to find way to end human
  suffering
• Sat under tree, no teachers, no companions,
  determined not to arise until he found way
• Stories say he meditated all night
• Resolve tested by violent storms, earthly
  temptations
• At daybreak, had been transformed, found
  enlightenment, became the Buddha, Enlightened One
• Temple built where he meditated, Bodh Gaya, one
  of Buddhisms most sacred places

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Explain How did Siddhartha Gautama become the
Buddha?
Answer(s) meditated under a tree, determined not
to arise until he found solution to human
suffering was enlightened and transformed
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The Teachings of Buddhism
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Nirvana

• Eightfold Path could lead to nirvana
• State of perfect peace in which soul freed from
  suffering forever
• Those not attaining nirvana reborn to live
  through cycle of suffering again
• Basic teachings of Eightfold Path, Middle
  Wayliving in moderation, avoiding extremes of
  comfort, discomfort in search for nirvana

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Summarize What are the fundamental teachings of
Buddhism?
Answer(s) suffering comes from selfish desires
overcoming desire ends suffering follow
Eightfold Path to overcome desire
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Confucianism From China

• Confucius
• based on teachings of scholar named Kongfuzi,
  better known as Confucius, who thought people
  should treat one another humanely
• Should express love, respect for others, honor
  ones ancestors

• Love and Respect
• Believed that love, respect had disappeared and
  was responsible for violence in society
  restoring respect for tradition would make
  society stable
• Thoughts on how to improve society collected in
  book, Analects

• Analects
• Ruler should treat subjects fairly subjects
  reward ruler with respect, loyalty
• People should respect members of family, devote
  selves to public service
• Confucian ideas spread elsewhere in Asia,
  including Korea, Japan, Vietnam

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Daoism
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Some Lasting Effects

• Daoism eventually proved less influential than
  Confucianism in Chinese history
• Still played major role in later dynasties
• Idea of balance key concept in China for
  centuries as result of Daoist teaching
• Daoist philosophy led many followers to work for
  preservation, protection of natural environment

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Contrast What is one difference between
Confucianism and Daoism?
Answer(s) Daoismretreat from society and
commune with nature Confucianismimprove society
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