Adapted from the Penn State University Radionuclide Safety Training

1
Adapted from the Penn State UniversityRadionucli
de Safety Training

• Radiation Safety and
• Protection
• (Created by Russel O. Dunkelberger II, PSU
  Environmental and Radiation Protection)

2
1. Introduction
3
Introduction

• University rules and Nuclear Regulatory
  Commission (NRC) regulations require that anyone
  working with or around ionizing radiation must be
  instructed about the possible hazards of
  radiation exposure and the procedures to be used
  for the safe handling of radioactive materials.

4
JC Radiation Safety

• The President is officially responsible to the
  NRC for assuring that radioactive material is
  used according to the conditions of the NRC
  regulations and licenses.
• Appoints the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) to
  establish and oversee the policies for the use of
  radioactive material
• RSO is Dr. Jill Keeney. Assisted by Roy Nagel,
  Sciences Safety Director.

5
Radiation Safety Program Organization
Juniata College President
Juniata College Provost
Radiation Safety Officer
Science Safety Manager
Faculty and Staff
Research Students
6
2. Regulations
7
NRC Regulations

• Available from EHS
• 10 CFR 19
• Requirements for instruction of personnel
• Posting of Notices and inspections
• 10 CFR 20
• Standards for radiation protection

8
Form NRC-3 Notice To Employees

• Posted in or near all radioactive materials use
  labs
• Lists responsibilities of NRC licensees and
  persons working with radioactive material
• Provides the address and phone number to contact
  the NRC

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Things you should know

• Licensed radioactive material may only be used
  by, or under the direct supervision of,
  individuals approved by the RSO (almost always
  permanent professors).
• Licensed radioactive material may not be used in
  tracer studies involving direct release of
  licensed material to the environment.
• Radioactive material may not be administered to
  humans or be added to food, beverage, cosmetic,
  drug or any other product designed for ingestion
  or inhalation by, or application to, humans.

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More things you should know...

• Purchases and/or transfers of radioactive
  material are to be made through the RSO. This
  includes transfers between authorized users at
  the University as well as between the University
  and other institutions.
• The RSO will not hesitate to impose sanctions on
  radionuclide users who do not comply with the
  conditions of their authorizations to use
  radioactive material.

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Even more things to know...

• Individuals are also subject to civil penalties,
  if they willfully violate NRC regulations or
  license conditions.
• Violations usually result in corrective actions
  that affect all persons working with radioactive
  material, not just the individuals responsible
  for the infractions.
• If you have questions about the regulations,
  license conditions or procedures, contact the RSO

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Other Regulatory Information

• The University also has to operate under
  regulations and licenses issued by the
  Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
  Resources, Bureau of Radiation Protection. In
  general, the state regulations are identical to
  those of the NRC.
• The Juniata College Radiation Safety Manual
  contains rules for working with radioactive
  material. A copy of these rules is available at
  P\Keeney\P radiation safety\radiation safety
  manual and is provided to laboratory supervisors.

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10 CFR 21Notification of Defects

• NRC licensees are required to identify and
  evaluate any defects that may potentially be a
  substantial radiological safety hazard, and any
  situation that leads to failure to comply with
  regulations. Such occurrences may need to be
  reported to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
• If you suspect that any facility, activity or
  component fails to comply with federal
  regulations or creates a substantial radiological
  safety hazard, contact the RSO (Dr. Jill Keeney),
  or the Safety Director (Roy Nagle) immediately!

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3. Properties of Radiation
15
Nomenclature
A

• A mass number Z N total number of protons
  neutrons
• N number of neutrons
• Z atomic number number of protons
• X element

X
Z
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Example
14
C

• A 14 protons and neutrons
• Z 6 protons
• N 8 neutrons
• C Carbon

6
17
Radioactive Material, Radiation and Contamination
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Radioactive Material

• Radioactive material is a solid, liquid or gas
  compound or mixture in which some of the atoms
  present are radioactive atoms

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Radioactivity

• Radioactivity is the natural property of certain
  nuclides to spontaneously emit energy, in the
  form of ionizing radiation, in an attempt to
  become more stable.

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Radiation

• Radiation is the term given to the energy
  transmitted by means of particles or waves
• It can be ionizing or non-ionizing

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Non-Ionizing Radiation

• Examples
• Microwaves
• Sunlight
• Infrared Waves
• Radio Waves
• Lasers

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Ionizing Radiation

• Ionizing radiation occurs from the addition or
  removal of electrons from neutral atoms. Four
  main types of ionizing radiation are alpha, beta,
  gamma and neutrons.

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Alpha Radiation (?)

• Helium nucleus
• 2 protons and 2 neutrons
• Large, Slow, 2e charge
• High linear energy transfer (LET)
• Low penetrability
• Decay
• Po ? Pb He

210
206
4
2
84
82
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Beta Radiation (?)

• Electron emitted from nucleus
• Small, Fast, -1e charge
• Medium LET
• Medium penetrability
• Decay
• Neutron converted into a proton and an electron
• P? S ?- 1.7 MeV

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32
15
16
25
Gamma (?) and X- Radiation (X)

• Gamma rays and x-rays are photons
• No mass, no charge, travel at speed of light
• Low LET
• High penetrability
• Commonly accompany other radiation
• Penetrability can vary therefore, shielding and
  detection requirements vary

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Neutrons (n)

• Neutral particle
• Classified by energy
• Fast neutrons - energy greater than 0.1 MeV
• Thermal neutrons - same kinetic energy as gas
  molecules in the same environment
• A concern at the nuclear reactor and with soil
  moisture probes
• Emission of neutrons accompanies the splitting of
  Uranium and Plutonium nuclei

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Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

• LET is used to describe the amount of energy
  imparted locally by ionizing radiation in a
  target.
• The higher the value of a particles or waves
  LET, the greater the amount of damage that
  particle could potentially cause to the target.

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Penetrability

• The ability of radiation to penetrate matter.
• Alpha particles have a low penetrability and can
  be shielded by a piece of paper.
• Beta particles have a higher penetrability and
  are usually shielded with Plexiglas.
• Gamma rays have the highest penetrability of the
  three, and are shielded with thick concrete or
  lead.

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LET and Penetrability

• On the following diagram, each dot represents a
  unit of energy deposited. As you will see from
  the diagram, alpha particles impart a large
  amount of energy in a short distance. Beta
  particles impart less energy than alphas, but are
  more penetrating. Gamma rays impart little energy
  and are the most penetrating. Remember, gamma and
  x-rays vary widely in energy. The diagram shows a
  high energy gamma ray.

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LET and Penetrability
31
Radiation Units

• Exposure
• Charge produced in air from ionization by gamma
  and x-rays Unit Roentgens, R
• Radiation Absorbed Dose
• Energy deposited by any form of ionizing
  radiation in a unit mass of material Unit rad
• Dose Equivalent
• Scale for equating relative hazards of various
  types of ionization in terms of equivalent risk
  Unit rem (1 rem 1,000 mrem)

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Radiation Units

• Activity
• Measure of the amount of radioactivity present
• Units Curie, Ci or Becquerel, Bq
• Becquerel one decay per second (dps)
• Curie dps occurring in the quantity of radon
  gas in equilibrium with one gram of radium
• 1 Ci 2.22 x 1012 dpm 3.7 x 1010 Bq
• 1 ?Ci 2,220,000 dpm 37,000 Bq

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Half-Life and Decay

• Each radioactive nuclide has its own unique
  characteristic pattern of decay, based on
• Types (alpha, beta, etc.) and energies of the
  emission involved
• Rate of decay, or half-life.
• A radionuclides half-life is the amount of time
  it takes for one-half of the radioactive atoms
  present to disintegrate or decay.

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Decay Calculation
A A0e-?t

• Where
• A Activity at time, t
• A0 Initial activity
• ? ln 2 / half-life
• t Elapsed time

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Example

• If you have 1 mCi of P-32 initially, how much
  P-32 would remain after 8 weeks? Assume P-32 has
  a half-life of 14 days.

A (1 mCi) e-(Ln 2 / 2 weeks) (8 weeks) Note
that the half-life of 14 days was converted to 2
weeks, so that the units match with the elapsed
time period. A (1 mCi) e-(0.693 / 2 weeks)
(8 weeks) A (1 mCi) e-(.347 / weeks) (8
weeks) A (1 mCi) e-(2.77) A (1 mCi)
(0.0625) A 0.0625 mCi
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Is There an Easier Way?

• There sure is! Draw a chart, as shown below, to
  get a quick estimate of activity remaining at
  time, t. For 1mCi of P-32,

Elapsed time, t half-lives Activity 0
weeks 0 1 mCi 2 weeks 1 0.5 mCi 4
weeks 2 0.25 mCi 6 weeks 3 0.125 mCi 8
weeks 4 0.0625 mCi
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4. Radiation Biology
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Sources of Radiation

• Average person receives 360 mrem per year
• Natural Sources 295 mrem (82)
• Terrestrial 228 mrem
• Human Body 40 mrem
• Cosmic 27 mrem
• Man-made 65 mrem (18)
• Medical 15 mrem
• (chest x-ray 10 mrem)
• Products 10 mrem
• (tobacco, cosmetics, etc.)
• Other 2 mrem
• (occupational, fallout, nuclear power, etc.)

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Biological Effects to Typical Occupational
Exposures

• From NRC Regulatory Guide 8.29
• (available at http//www.nrc.gov/NRC/RG/08/08-029.
  pdf)
• Assessment of cancer risks associated with
  radiation exposure is projected from doses
  greater than 10 rem (10,000 mrem)
• There is no scientific evidence that conclusively
  proves that lower doses of radiation cause cancer
• However, for regulatory purposes, the NRC assumes
  that even small exposures to radiation carry some
  risk of causing cancer, and that this risk is
  linear below 50 rem (50,000 mrem)

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Biological Effects to Typical Occupational
Exposures

• From NRC Regulatory Guide 8.29
• The risk of developing a fatal cancer per 1 rem
  (1,000 mrem) of exposure received is assumed to
  be about 1 in 2,500 (0.04)
• Approximately 1 in 5 adults (20) normally die
  from cancer from all possible causes (smoking,
  food, drugs, pollutants, genetic traits, etc.)
• Therefore, working with radiation may increase
  your risk of dying of cancer from 20 (no
  occupational radiation exposure) to 20.04 (1 rem
  total lifetime occupational radiation exposure)

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Estimated Loss of Life Expectancy from Health
Risks

• Health Risk Estimate of Life
  Expectancy Lost
• Smoking 1 pack cigarettes per day 6 years
• Being 15 overweight 2 years
• Alcohol consumption 1 year
• Being in any accident 1 year
• Natural hazards 7 days
• Medical radiation 6 days
• Occupational radiation exposure
• 300 mrem/year from age 18 to 65 15 days
• 1000 mrem/year from age 18 to 65 51 days
• Adapted from B.L. Cohen and I.S. Lee, Catalog
  of Risks Extended and Updated, Health Physics,
  Vol. 61, September 1991.

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Biological Effects to Very High Levels of
Radiation Exposure

• For a single exposure to extremely high levels
  of radiation (gt50 rem), the following sequence of
  events may occur
• Latent period - time lag between the radiation
  event and the first detectable effect
• Period of demonstrable effects on cells and
  tissues - discrete effects of radiation exposure
  may be observed
• Recovery period - apparent in short-term (days to
  weeks) effects. May not occur for some residual
  damage, giving rise to long-term effects

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Acute Biological Effects to Very High Levels of
Exposure

• Common Symptoms 50 rem
  (50,000 mrem)
• Nausea and vomiting, malaise and fatigue,
  increased temperature, blood changes
• Hemopoietic Syndrome 200 rem (200,000 mrem)
• Ablation of bone marrow, death within months, if
  untreated
• Gastrointestinal Syndrome 1000 rem (1,000,000
  mrem)
• Desquamation of intestinal epithelium, death
  within weeks, if untreated
• CNS Syndrome 2000 rem
  (2,000,000 mrem)
• Unconsciousness within minutes, death within
  days, if untreated
• By comparison, the highest exposure at PSU last
  year was approximately 0.1 rem above natural
  background

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5. Radiation Safety
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Radiation Safety

• ALARA
• Program developed in order to keep doses As Low
  As is Reasonably Achievable
• Obtaining higher doses in order to get an
  experiment done quicker is NOT reasonable!
• Three main ways to keep your doses ALARA time,
  distance and shielding
• Ask the RSO for assistance in developing
  procedures that help keep your doses ALARA.

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Time, Distance and Shielding

• Minimize your exposure time
• Dry runs (without radioactive material)
• Identify portions of the experiment that can be
  altered in order to decrease exposure times.
• Make sure you have all necessary equipment
• Maximize distance - Inverse square law
• Doubling distance from source, decreases dose by
  factor of four
• Tripling it decreases dose nine-fold
• Use appropriate shielding

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Shielding

• High-energy beta emitters (P-32)
• Plexiglas (acrylic) shielding
• Do not use only thin lead to shield beta emitters
• production of bremsstrahlung x-rays
• low-energy x-rays produced by beta interaction
  with a high-Z nucleus
• Can shield with Plexiglas first, then with lead
  on the outside
• Gamma emitters (I-125, Cr-51)
• Lead or leaded acrylic
• Neutrons
• hydrogenous material water, concrete

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Contamination Surveys

• Required after EVERY use of unsealed radioactive
  materials - If you dont have time to survey, you
  dont have time to do your experiment!
• Survey yourself, your benchtop, the floor, the
  non-radioactive trash and any other area that
  could potentially become contaminated
• Use the appropriate instrument for the
  radionuclide you are using
• Use the data on the next slide as a guide

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What Instrument Should I Use?

• H-3 - always use Liquid Scintillation Counter
  (LSC) wipe tests
• C-14, S-35 and P-33 - both LSC wipe tests and a
  Pancake GM probe
• P-32 - Pancake GM probe (NaI probe and/or LSC
  may also be used)
• I-125 - NaI probe (LSC or Gamma counter may also
  be used)
• Use LSC wipe tests to differentiate between fixed
  and removable contamination

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Activity Calculations
Efficiency cpm / dpm dpm cpm / Efficiency If
we detect 2,200 cpm of P-33 with a Pancake GM
probe, we can determine the activity. The
efficiency for P-33 with a Pancake GM probe is
about 10 . dpm 2,200 cpm / 0.10 22,000 dpm
2.2 x 104 dpm We already know that 1 Ci 2.22 x
1012 dpm. 2.2 x 104 dpm x (1 Ci / 2.2 x 1012 dpm)
1 x 10-8 Ci 1 x10-8 Ci x (106 ?Ci / Ci) 1
x102 ? Ci 0.01 ? Ci
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Activity Calculations

• Your laboratorys survey meter is calibrated for
  C-14/S-35, P-32 and/or I-125
• A Conversion factor is listed on the meters
  calibration sticker this conversion factor is
  the inverse of the efficiency.
• If you detect 10,000 cpm of P-32 with a pancake
  GM probe, and have a conversion factor of 2.2
• cpm x conversion factor dpm
• 10,000 cpm x 2.2 dpm/cpm 22,000 dpm P-32

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Dose Limits

• Federal, state and University regulations limit
  the amount of radiation dose allowed to adult and
  minor radiation workers, members of the public,
  and the fetus of a declared pregnant radiation
  worker due to University operations.

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Dose Limits
Adult Occupational Limit 5000 mrem (5.0 rem) /
year Minor Occupational Limit 500 mrem (0.5
rem) / year Member of the Public 100 mrem (0.1
rem) / year Declared Pregnant Radiation Workers
Fetus 500 mrem (0.5 rem) / pregnancy term
54
Declared Pregnant Worker

• It is important to note that a woman is
  considered pregnant (for NRC license purposes)
  ONLY IF SHE DECLARES HERSELF SO, IN WRITING, TO
  THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER.
• A woman may declare or undeclare her pregnancy at
  any time it must be in writing to the Radiation
  Safety Officer.
• For more information, see NRC Regulatory Guide
  8.13 - Instruction Concerning Prenatal Radiation
  Exposure http//www.nrc.gov/NRC/RG/08/08-013.pdf

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Dose Determination TLDs - Who Needs Them?

• Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)
• Anyone likely to receive at least 10 of the
  limits
• Anyone using greater than 1 mCi-hr/week of P-32,
  or gt 0.1 mCi-hr/week of gamma emitters
• Anyone working at the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor
• Anyone performing radioiodinations
• Anyone working with x-ray machines
• If working with sources gt100 mrem/hr at 1 foot
• NOT assigned to anyone working exclusively with
  H-3, C-14, S-35, Ca-45 and / or P-33

56
Dose Determination Bioassays - Who Needs Them?

• Bioassays are required of
• Anyone performing radioiodinations
• Anyone using greater than 100 mCi of H-3 at any
  one time

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6. Procedures
58
Radioactive Material Orders

• Must be approved by the RSO before being placed

59
Incoming Packages

• Must be checked as outlined in the radiation
  safety manual, Appendix 4. Only authorized users
  as listed on the license may receive packages.
• After removing the radioactive material, all
  radioactive markings on the package must be
  removed or defaced prior to placing the package
  for disposal or recycling.

60
Inventory Forms

• Must be filled out and returned to the RSO in
  order for the supervisor to receive credit for
  disposal of the material
• Supervisors are considered to be in possession of
  each isotope order until EHS receives the
  inventory form
• This could lead to EHS denying a request for a
  radioactive material order if it causes the
  supervisor to exceed their possession limit

61
Radioactive Material Transfers

• Any radioactive material transfers between lab
  groups must be approved by the RSO.
• Shipments to other facilities require approval by
  the RSO and must comply with all shipping
  regulations.
• Radioactive materials may not be carried between
  the two science buildings.

62
Authorizations

• Authorizations for radioactive material usage
  must be approved by the RSO.
• No supervisor will be permitted to receive an
  amount of radioactive material that will cause
  him or her to have in excess of their allowed
  possession limit.

63
Security

• All radioactive materials, including radioactive
  waste, must be secured when unattended, even if
  for a very short time
• This can be accomplished by keeping the
  radioisotope lab door locked at all times.

64
7. Radioactive Waste
65
Solid Radioactive Waste

• Separated by nuclide
• Only in marked containers in the radioisotope
  lab.
• No liquids (5 mL or less per container)
• Record, survey and dispose of material (half-life
  lt120 days) as detailed in the Radiation Safety
  Manual, appendix 8.
• Decay a minimum of 10 half-lives. Obliterate all
  rad labels and dispose of in regular trash.
• Keep same nuclide of different reference dates
  separated.
• For EPA Hazardous materials, contact the RSO for
  instructions

66
Liquid Radioactive Waste

• Separated by nuclide
• Only in marked containers in the radioisotope
  lab.
• No solids (except for 1 or 2 pH strips)
• pH must be between 5 and 9
• If biohazard, add 10 bleach before adding rad
  waste
• EPA Hazardous waste must be separated from
  non-hazardous radioactive waste
• Record, survey and dispose of material (half-life
  lt120 days) as detailed in the Radiation Safety
  Manual, appendix 8.
• Decay a minimum of 10 half-lives can then wash
  down sink.
• Keep same nuclide of different reference dates
  separated.

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8. Major Spill Response
68
Major Spill Response Procedure

• No matter how careful we are, we are all
  sometimes still vulnerable to having an accident.
  On the following slides are the steps to take if
  a major spill occurs. Follow this general
  procedure.

69
Major Spill Response Procedure

• Immediately notify the RSO (Jill Keeney) or
  Science Safety Director (Roy Nagle) and the
  Laboratory Supervisor.
• 1. Stop the spread of radioactive material. If
  there is any sign of hallway contamination, run a
  rope across the hall at least 10 feet from the
  door on both sides of the lab. Use Caution
  signs and duct tape. Enforce the no-pass rule,
  station someone to stop traffic.

70
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 2. Warn others in laboratory. Lock and post a
  notice on the radioisotope lab door. Survey self
  and shoes-cover shoes with plastic bags if shoes
  are contaminated. This will help minimize the
  spread of the contamination.

71
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 3. Survey all lab personnel. Record results
  (Fred left shoe 10,000 cpm-GM at 1 cm, Betty
  palm of right hand 950 cpm-GM at 1 cm). Pay
  particular attention to skin contamination.
  Although unlikely, skin dose may be a problem.
  Document levels prior to a quick clean,
  recheck/re-document.

72
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 4. Survey people in other labs if there is any
  indication of widespread problems. If it appears
  radioactivity may be widespread, the RSO or
  Safety officer will survey other labs.

73
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 5. Call in Help. The laboratory supervisor
  should be present to organize the cleanup. The
  supervisor should call in all staff and students.
• Request help for cleanup from the RSO and Science
  Safety Officer.

74
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 6. Determine if the chemical composition of the
  spill could cause airborne particulate
  contamination if the spill was allowed to dry.
  If so, mop immediately.

75
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 7. Establish a 'Clean' area. The area should be
  inside the room if possible, in the hallway if
  not. Issue boots or plastic bags for shoe
  covers. Absorbent bench paper is handy for
  covering floors to use as a clean area.

76
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 8. Survey public areas. Have someone with clean
  feet survey hall, elevator, stairs, etc.
• If wider contamination is found, expand your
  roped
• off area.

77
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 9. Survey the room. Remove people from lab until
  a survey of the room is performed. Smears are
  not necessary, but documentation is required.

78
Major Spill Response Procedure

• 10. Assign some lab personnel to cleaning the
  halls while others continue to survey. Extend
  roped off area as necessary. Do not permit lab
  personnel to decontaminate their own space until
  all public areas are clean.

79
Major Spills - Other Cautions

• 1. Enforce glove changes whenever a glove gets
  contaminated.
• 2. Work from cleaner areas towards areas with
  more contamination.
• 3. Do not permit removal of contaminated shoes.
  People tend to contaminate their socks, then
  their feet. Have personnel place plastic bags
  over their shoes and walk carefully.
• 4. If the room has to be roped off and not used
  until the next day, NRC notification may be
  required.

80
9. Laboratory Rules
81
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 1. Liquid Radioactive materials may only be
  possessed or used within the radioisotope lab in
  VLCS.

82
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 2. Persons working in radionuclide laboratories
  must be familiar with regulations and radiation
  safety procedures. New personnel are required to
  have safety instruction before beginning work
  with radioactive materials.

83
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 3. Orders for shipment of radioactive materials
  to and from the University and transfers between
  supervisors within the University must be
  processed through the RSO.

84
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 4. Inventory forms for radioactive materials must
  be kept current and according to procedures
  detailed in the Radiation Safety Manual, Appendix
  8.

85
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 5. People using radioactive materials are
  responsible for conducting routine surveys to
  detect excessive contamination or radiation
  levels each time unsealed radioactive materials
  are used. Procedures are detailed in Appendix 5
  of the Radiation Safety Manual.

86
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 6. People using radioactive materials are
  responsible for the immediate decontamination of
  facilities that become contaminated in excess of
  allowed levels.

87
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 7. Pipetting by mouth is prohibited in
  laboratories where unsealed radioactive materials
  are used.

88
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 8. Persons working with unsealed radioactive
  material must wear laboratory coats, or other
  protective clothing and appropriate protective
  gloves.

89
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 9. Eating, drinking, or the storage of food or
  beverages is prohibited in the radioisotope lab.

90
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 10. Radioactive materials must be discarded only
  into appropriately labeled radioactive waste
  containers.

91
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 11. All containers of radioactive material must
  be labeled with the radiation caution symbol,
  the users name, the radionuclide, the activity
  and the date. Lead shields, cabinets,
  refrigerators and other storage areas for
  radioactive material must also be conspicuously
  labeled.

92
Radionuclide Laboratory Rules

• 12. Licensed radioactive material in storage must
  be secure from unauthorized removal or access.
  Radioactive material not in storage must be
  controlled and under constant surveillance.

93
Violations

• Immediate suspension for
• Radioactive materials in the regular trash
• Eating, drinking, smoking or storage of food
  in a posted lab or area
• In case of immediate suspensions
• All persons working under the supervisor, or
  in the supervisors lab, must stop using
  radioactive materials immediately
• Authorization is suspended until further notice

94
Should you have any questions,
Roy Nagel Science Safety Officer Ext.
nagel_at_juniata.edu
Jill Keeney Radiation Safety Officer Ext.
3577 keeney_at_juniata.edu

• A hard copy of the Radiation Safety Manual is
  located in the radioisotope lab in VLCS.
• An electronic copy and this power point file is
  on the P drive at P\Keeney\P radiation safety