Prejudice and Stereotyping Chapter 13

1
Prejudice and Stereotyping (Chapter 13)
2
Announcements!

• Exam 2 is one week away (Thurs. Oct. 25th )!
  This exam covers Chapters 3-6, and 13.
• Pick up study guide in class
• Review session for exam will be held next week
  exact time and location TBA
• Interested in helping to conduct research on
  stereotyping and prejudice? Contact Dr. Czopp
• E-mail Alexander.Czopp_at_utoledo.edu

3
Definitions

• Prejudice (affective component) An unjustifiable
  negative feeling or emotional response toward a
  group and its individual members.

4
Definitions

• Stereotypes (cognitive component) Beliefs about
  the personal attributes of a group of people.
• Not always negative

5
Definitions

• Discrimination (behavioral component) actively
  mistreating or neglecting people because of their
  group membership.

6
What are the sources of prejudice?

• How can the social context give rise to
  prejudice?
• Two types of explanations
• Motivational
• Cognitive

7
What are the sources of prejudice?

• Motivational Source we engage in prejudice,
  stereotyping and discrimination to feel good
  about oneself and to gain benefits for ones group

8
Motivational Source Feeling good and gaining
benefits

• We group people into two categories
• Ingroup - Us - a group who shares a sense of
  belonging a common identity.
• Outgroup - Them - a group perceived as
  distinctively apart from the ingroup.

9
Motivational Source Feeling good and gaining
benefits

• Tajfel (1970) Social Identity Theory
• Part of our identity comes from our group
  memberships (social identity)
• our social identity can influence our
  self-esteem
• This can lead to...
• Ingroup bias - the tendency to favor ones own
  group (often at the expense of another group)

10
Motivational Source Feeling good and gaining
benefits

• Minimal group paradigm
• Klee vs. Kandinsky study
• Overestimater vs. underestimater study
• What if you personally wont benefit? Still favor
  ingroup
• We will take fewer resources just to beat the
  outgroup!

11
Minimal Group Paradigm

• Conclusion People favor the ingroup no matter
  how trivial the distinction between groups!
• No cohesion
• No history
• No dislike

12
Motivational Source Feeling good and gaining
benefits

• Realistic group conflict theory prejudice
  results from real competition between groups for
  limited resources
• Justifies why my group has more abundant
  resources (dissonance)
• Results from feeling that outgroup is denying
  us resources
• E.g., lynchings and economic conditions

13
Motivational Source Feeling good and gaining
benefits

• Scapegoat Theory when self-esteem is threatened,
  people are more likely to derogate outgroup
  members
• Prejudice as Self-Esteem Boost Study
• Participants given positive or negative feedback
  on performance
• In unrelated study, asked to evaluate Jewish or
  Italian woman as job applicant

14
Prejudice as Self-Esteem Boost
15
What are the sources of prejudice?

• Cognitive source Stereotyping is a cognitive
  shortcut used to understanding others.

16
Cognitive source The Dark Side of Heuristics

• Outgroup homogeneity effect - perception of
  outgroup members as being very similar to one
  another and ingroup members as being unique
• They are all alike, were diverse.

17
Cognitive source The Dark Side of Heuristics

• Own race bias the tendency for people to more
  accurately recognize faces of their own race.
• They all look alike
• Faces in line-up study
• Why does this happen? Race is salient

18
Dissociation Model of Prejudice (Devine, 1989)

• Takes both P and E into account
• Two-step model of prejudice
• Step 1 - Automatic process stereotypes are
  automatically activated
• Step 2 - Controlled process the application of
  the stereotype can be controlled. The
  non-prejudiced stop correct the response

19
Dissociation Model of Prejudice (Devine, 1989)

• Donald studies
• When primed subliminally, all view Donald as
  consistent with stereotype
• When primed consciously, only high prejudice view
  Donald as consistent with stereotype
• Implication we can only override the stereotype
  if we have the cognitive resources to do it!