4. Wheelwright, S.C. and Clark, K.B. (1995) Leading Produc

1
Single-Use Cameras
References 1. http//www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/env
ironment/performance/recycling/suc.shtml 2.
http//www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/film/otuc.
shtml 3. http//www.kodak.com/cluster/global/en/co
nsumer/products/cameras/singleUse/singleUseFacts.s
html 4. Wheelwright, S.C. and Clark, K.B. (1995)
Leading Product Development, Free Press, New
York. 5. Alexander, B. (1993) Kodak Fun Saver
Camera Recycling, Society of Plastics Engineers
Recycling Conference - Survival Tactics thru the
'90's, Chicago, IL, June 14-16, pp. 207-212. 6.
Scheuring, J. F., Bras, B. and Lee, K.-M. (1994)
Effects of Design for Disassembly on Integrated
Disassembly and Assembly Processes, Proceedings
Fourth International Conference on Computer
Integrated Manufacturing and Automation
Technology, Troy, NY, October, pp. 53-59.
2
First to Market

• Fuji introduced QuickSnap 35mm single-use camera
  in the U.S. market in 1987.
• Kodak, which did not have a single-use camera of
  its own, was caught unprepared.
• The single-use camera market grew by more than 50
  percent per year for the next 8 years
• In 1988, 3 million single-use cameras were sold
• By 1994, over 43 million were sold

3
Kodaks Response to Fuji

• Kodak introduced its first model over a year
  later
• Fuji had already developed a second model, the
  QuickSnap Flash
• Kodak had experimented with single-use cameras
• Early version introduced in mid-1980s produced
  blurred pictures and had many quality problems.
• Kodak prided itself on excellent film quality
  putting film into an inexpensive, plastic,
  single-use camera could result in second-rate
  photographs and hurt Kodak.
• Feared single-use cameras would cannibalize film
  sales whose gross margins were very high (80).

4
Kodaks Platform Approach

• From April 1989 and July 1990,
• Kodak redesigned its base
• model and introduced
• three additional
• models
• Because of their platform strategy, Kodak was
  able to develop its products faster and more
  cheaply, delivering twice as many products as
  Fuji
• By 1994, Kodak had captured more than 70
  of the U.S. market.

5
Kodak Improves Recyclability

• Initially called Kodak Fling cameras,
  single-use cameras viewed as disposables or
  throwaways
• This upset many environmental groups, calling
  the cameras ecologically offensive.
• In 1990-1991, a massive redesign effort began to
  facilitate recycling and part reuse
• Integrated design, development, manufacturing,
  business, and environmental personnel
• New designs were easier to
  disassemble, inspect, reuse,
  and reload

6
Single-Use Camera Recycling

• Single-use cameras have since become the
  cornerstone in Kodaks efforts in recycle, reuse,
  and remanufacture.
• 70 recycle rate in US
• 60 rate worldwide
• A single-use camera can be returned to the shelf
  in 30 days after collected from a developer

per (an Alum can takes 60 days)
7
Single-Use Camera Recycling

• Exchange partnerships have been established
  with Fuji, Konica, and other single-use camera
  manufacturers

• By weight, 77-86 of a Kodak
• single use camera can be reused or recycled
• Kodak now provides the best example of
  closed-loop recycling in the world.

8
Single-Use Camera Lifecycle

• Step 1
• Camera is manufactured and loaded with unexposed
  film which is pre-wound from the cartridge into a
  roll in the camera.
• Step 2
• Consumer purchases and uses camera, winding film
  back into the cartridge one frame at a time as
  photographs are taken.
• Step 3
• Consumer returns entire camera to a
  photo-finisher for processing.

9
Single-Use Camera Lifecycle (cont.)

• Step 4.
• Photofinisher removes the battery and film
  cartridge and develops the pictures.
• Camera body is returned to the manufacturer for
  reuse and recycling.
• Manufacturer pays photofinisher a small fee for
  each camera returned as incentive to recycle.
• Battery is reused by another industry since it
  still has over half of its useful life remaining.

10
Single-Use Camera Lifecycle (cont.)

• Step 5.
• Manufacturer removes lenses and external
  enclosures for regrind with to raw materials.
• Internal camera body and mechanism assembly is
  inspected and re-used, and new film, a battery,
  lenses and outer covers are added to make a new
  single use camera ready for sale.

11
Closed-Loop Recycling Program
Step 1
Step 2
Step 4
Step 5
Step 3
12
Component Recycling and Reuse

• Covers
• The polystyrene covers of the Kodak Fun Saver
  pocket cameras (both flash and daylight models)
  are ground up and recycled into covers for new
  cameras.
• The paperboard outer shell of Fun Saver 35, Fun
  Saver panoramic and Fun Saver telefoto 35 cameras
  is made of recycled material.
• The polycarbonate shell of the Fun Saver Weekend
  35 camera models is ground up and sold to make
  non-photographic products.
• Label
• On the Kodak Fun Saver models, the graphic label
  is ground up during the recycling of the outer
  covers.

13
Component Recycling and Reuse

• Film
• After removing the Kodak film for processing, the
  photofinisher has the option of returning the
  camera to Kodak for recycling and reuse.
• Since retailers and photofinishers play a key
  role in this recycling process, they are
  reimbursed for each camera returned and shipping
  costs.
• Lens
• To ensure optical purity, the camera receives a
  new lens each time it is recycled.
• Used lenses are ground up and sold to outside
  companies as raw materials for other products.

14
Component Recycling and Reuse

• Camera Mechanism
• The chassis, basic camera mechanism and
  electronic flash system are tested, inspected and
  reused.
• Viewfinder
• The viewfinder is re-ground and recycled into new
  internal camera parts.
• Battery
• Kodak donates any returned batteries to charity
  or the photofinisher may reuse them.

15
Component Recycling and Reuse

• Parts of the cameras that don't pass inspection
  are simply ground up and fed into the raw
  material stream for molding into new cameras.

16
Initial Kodak FunSaverTM Design

• How do Kodaks new cameras compare to the
  original design?
• You will investigate this as part of the
  in-class lab by dissecting an old camera and one
  of the newer models

17
Kodak Single-Use Cameras(http//www.kodak.com/glo
bal/en/consumer/film/otuc.shtml)
18
Kodak Single-Use Cameras
MAX Outdoor
MAX Wedding Pack
MAX Waterproof
MAX Sport
MAX Panoramic
MAX Flash
19
Fuji Single-Use Cameras(http//www.fujifilm.com/)
20
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras
21
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras
22
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras
23
Fuji QuickSnap Colors (http//www.fujifilm.com/br
idgepages/colors.html)
24
Fuji QuickSnap Single-Use Cameras