Motivation

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Motivation
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Motivation
Inner StateNeed, Desire orExpectancy
Behavior
Incentive or Goal
Modification of Inner State
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Need Hierarchy (Abraham Maslow)
SelfActualization
Esteem
Love Affection
Safety
Physiological Needs
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Needs (McClelland)

• Achievement
• Power
• Affiliation

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Equity Theory
Outcomes Inputs

• Compared to others
• Perception

Focus on the process by which behavior is
energized and sustained.
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Expectancy Theory

• Effort Performance
• Performance Outcomes
• Valence Value of Outcome

Probability X Y


E P x P O x V
Motivation
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• Determinants of E P
• Expectancies
• Self Esteem
• Past experience in similar situations
• Actual situation
• Communication from others

• Determinants of E O
• Expectancies
• Past experiences
• Attractiveness of outcomes
• Internal vs. external control beliefs
• E P expectancies
• Actual situation
• Communication from others

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Model for Motivation Enhancement
1. GOALS/EXPECTATIONS Accepted Challenging/Speci
fic
Feedback
4. EQUITY Social comparisons Personal expectatio
ns

EFFORT (Desire and Commitment)
3. OUTCOMES (Rewards and Discipline)
PERFORMANCE
SATISFACTION
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2. ABILITY Aptitude Training Resources
5. SALIENCE Personal needs 6. TIMELINESS
Absenteeism And Turnover