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Principles of Zoology

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Title: Principles of Zoology


1
Principles of Zoology
  • Chapter 1

2
Biology
  • Science that deals with the life processes and
    characteristics of plants and animals
  • Biology is broken into 2 main branches
  • Botany-dealing with plants
  • Zoology-dealing with animal life

3
Zoology
  • The zoology of a particular kind of animal is a
    description of the life, growth, structure or
    anatomy, nutrition, reproduction, and
    classification of that animal.

4
Fauna
  • Community of animals that are found in a
    particular region

5
Classification of Animals
  • Purpose organization of the animals into like
    groups
  • Animals are classified into groups based on
    genetic and structural similarities to other
    animals
  • The field of science dealing with these
    classifications is known as TAXONOMY

6
Animal Plant Kingdoms
  • Includes ALL of the animalsanimal kingdom
  • Includes ALL of the plantsplant kingdom
  • See Figure 1-1 on page 3

7
Classification of Animals
  • KINGDOM
  • PHYLUM
  • CLASS
  • ORDER
  • FAMILY
  • GENUS
  • SPECIES

8
Animal Behaviors and Habits
  • Instinctive vs learned
  • What is meant by instinctive behavior?
  • What is an example of this?
  • What is a learned behavior pattern?
  • What is an example of this?

9
Animal Structure or Anatomy
  • The animals structure enables its survival
  • Why or how?
  • Body parts
  • Stomach-RUMEN VS NON RUMINANT
  • Evading predators
  • Running
  • Teeth
  • Cold blooded vs. warm blooded

10
Structure
  • Includes the arrangement of the bones in the
    skeleton and the attachment of the muscles on the
    bones
  • Structure also includes unique features such as
    feathers, hair or scales
  • Structure includes the way that internal organs
    are designed and arranged.
  • Examplebirds do not have teeth, but do have a
    gizzard where food is ground into tiny pieces by
    rocks

11
Structure Cont.
  • The way an animal moves is controlled to an
    extent by the animals size and structure
  • Whales could not survive out of the water because
    of their size. The natural buoyancy of their
    bodies in deep water makes it possible for them
    to move.
  • Birds are typically light weight allowing them to
    fly.

12
Animal Nutrition and Digestion
  • Growth and repair of living cells
  • Energy is necessary to form chemical bonds-cell
    formation
  • Warm blooded animals require energy to maintain
    body temperature
  • Muscle flexes etc.

13
Animal Nutrition and DigestionCont.
  • How animals obtain nutrition differs between
    animals
  • Plant eaters
  • Meat eaters
  • Both
  • We will discuss this in more detail in the next
    chapter

14
Animal Nutrition and DigestionCont.
  • SIMPLE STOMACH
  • One compartment. Does not have a large capacity
    so foods with a relatively high concentration of
    nutrients must be eaten.
  • Grains and meats are ideal
  • RUMINANT STOMACH
  • Four compartments. Large capacity. Foods that are
    high in fiber but low in nutrition value can be
    utilized better
  • Explain ruminant stomach

15
Animal Nutrition and DigestionCont.
  • Birds
  • CROP-food absorbs water and is softened
  • GIZZARD-food is ground into smaller pieces by
    rocks

16
Animal Growth
  • Each animal grows rapidly as a newborn. This
    growth is necessary so it can mature
  • Cells divide to form new cells
  • Growth occurs when body cells divide at a faster
    rate than they die
  • The type of cell division that results in growth
    of the body is called MITOSIS

17
MITOSIS
  • Several steps occur during mitosis
  • Figure 1-13
  • Each cell exists for most of its life span in a
    non-reproductive stage called INTERPHASE
  • PROPHASE-the first stage of active cell
    reproduction
  • During this stage the membrane around the nucleus
    disappears and the chromosomes appear

18
MITOSIS cont.
  • Each chromosome has been replicated and each half
    of the duplicated chromosome is known as a
    CHROMATIDthe point where the chromatids are
    attached is called the centromere
  • After PROPHASE, you have METAPHASE
  • During this stage, the chromosomes are pulled to
    the center of the cell by fibers attached to cell
    structures called CENTRIOLES that have migrated
    to opposite sides of the cell
  • These fibers or spindles are attached to the
    centromeres that connect the pairs of chromosomes
    together

19
MITOSIS cont.
  • During ANAPHASE, the chromatids are pulled apart
    by the spindles as the cell elongates.
  • A full set of chromosomes becomes evident on
    opposite sides of the cell during anaphase.
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