B' Erik Ydstie

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B. Erik Ydstie
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B. Erik Ydstie

• Norwegian University of Science and Technology

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B. Erik Ydstie

• Research in PhotoVoltaics

Acknowledgements Georg Hagen, NTNU Cyrus
Zahedi IFE Christian Dethloff ELKEM Gunnar
Schussler ELKEM/HiA Bruno Ceccaroli,
Scanwafer Paul Sides, Carnegie Mellon
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Overview PhotoVoltaics in Norway

• PhotoVoltaics - Primer
• Market Analysis and Application Areas
• Research and Development in Norway
• Elkem/Scanwafer/IFE/NTNU/SINTEF/HiA
• Summary

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PhotoVoltaics Primer

• Clean, Renewable Energy from the SUN
• Silicon 14-16 Efficiency
• 0.1 kWp per m2
• 100 kWp per ton Silicon

Global Energy Consumption filled with 0.1
of desert area covered!
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ARCO Magazine 1989 - cells produced by NAPS
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PV Market Development

• 25-30 Annual Growth last Years
• Main Markets
• Residential
• Telecommunications
• Off-Grid Mobile
• On Grid Power Stations

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PhotoVoltaics Silicon is Material of Choice

• Silicon Theoretical limit 22
• established technology
• availability/stability
• known material properties
• - manufacturing challenges
• Alternative Materials (Ga/In/Te/As..)
• efficiency ( 32 record)
• / - toxicity
• - / availability
• - technological challenges

20.1 Efficiency Amorphous Si /Crystalline
Substrate
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PhotoVoltaics The Production Path
Metallurgical Si - Silgrain 99.5
Electronic Grade Si 1ppb 12,000 tons/year
Cryst Wafers Etch.
TCS Dist CVD
SiO2 Red. Silgrain
Scrap Silicon - tops/tails/rejects 1200
tons/year
Solar Cells
Wafers
Remelt/Cryst
Solar Grade Si 1 ppm
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Cost Structure for PV Electricity - 500MWp
Installation
Module Fabrication
Cell Fabrication
Wafers
Si-Production Crystallization
Production Step Cost Euro per Wp Si-Production
and Crystallization 0.28 Wafering 0.22 Solar
Cell Fabrication 0.11 Module Manufacture 0.30
Connector Convertor/Insatllation 0.78 Total
1.69
KPMG/Greenpeace 500 MWp , 10 yr Depr. 15 ROI
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PhotoVoltaics Feed-Stock Problem !
12 Growth
25 Growth
solar energy will remain a small and
specialized industry that will start to shrink,
Bob Hall, AstroPower
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PhotoVoltaics The Production Path
Electronic Si - 40-60 per kg
Metallurgical Si - 3 per kg
Cryst Wafers Etch.
TCS Dist CVD
SiO2 Red. Silgrain
Missing Link
Scrap Si - 15 -25 per kg
Solar Cells
Wafers
Remelt/Cryst
Solar Grade Aim 8-12 per kg
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PV Research and Development - Norway

• 4 Million inhabitants
• 150 k sq mi
• Constitutional Monarchy (1905)
• Oil/Fish/Gas/HydroPower
• Largest producer of Silicon in the world

Glomfjord
Trondheim
Oslo
Kristiansand/Grimstad
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RD in Norway Elkem ASA

• 4100 Employees
• Materials Production ( Si/FeSi/Al/C/SiO2 )
• Leading Producer of
• Silicon for Electronics
• Solar Grade Research Program
• Pure Raw Materials
• Silgrain
• Crystallization
• Thin Film
• Alternative Processes

RD Center in Kristiansand
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RD in Norway ScanWafer
2 bilder

• Located in Glomfjord - 67o North !
• Employees 100 _at_ end 2001
• 6.3 million Wafers
• Global Market Share 5
• Europe 20
• Integrated
• Wafers
• Cells
• Modules
• Energy
• RD

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RD in Norway IFE - Kjeller
Thin Film Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth

• High Purity EG-Si on UMG-Si from ELKEM
• 12 Efficiency achieved
• EU Program initiated for LPE/CVD

Cyrus Zahedi, Elekem
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RD in Norway NTNU/SINTEF-Trondheim
From Sand to Solar Cells - Industry and NFR

• New Production Processes (Plasma/Electrolysis)
• Storage and Transportation of Energy (Hydrogen)
• Characterization/SEM...
• Clean Room/Crystallization
• Architectural

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RD in Norway HiA - Grimstad
Sun Wind and Hydrogen - Industry and NFR
Silane Decomposition for Simplified Poly-Silicon
ELKEM ScanWafer IFE Power Companies
Prof Egeland HiA
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Summary The Challenge

• From Small Batch to Integrated Processing
• Waste Minimization
• Sustainable Technological Development
• Systems Engineering and Public Policy

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Summary A Bright Future

• PV Industry with Ambitious Vision for the Future
• ScanWafer from Silicon to Solar Cells and
  Modules
• ELKEM Major Supplier of Feedstock
• University and Institute RD
• NTNU/HiA - Competence Building Basic RD
• IFE/SINTEF - Process Development, Applied RD
• RD Networks include USA and EU

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