Microbial Growth Control

1
Microbial Growth Control Antimicrobial Agents
used in vivo
2
(No Transcript)
3
Fig. 27-11
Inoculate plate with a liquid culture of a test
organism
Nutrient agar plate
Antibiotic discs are placed on surface
Incubate for 2448 h
Test organism shows susceptibility to some
antibiotics, indicated by inhibition of bacterial
growth around discs (zones of inhibition)
afterincubation
4
Fig. 27-12
Cell wall synthesis
DNA gyrase
DNA-directed RNA polymerase
RNA elongation
Cycloserine
Nalidixic acid
Actinomycin
Rifampin
Quinolones
Vancomycin
Ciprofloxacin
Streptovaricins
Novobiocin
Bacitracin
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Protein synthesis (50S inhibitors)
Monobactams
Carbapenems
Erythromycin (macrolides)
DNA
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Folic acid metabolism
Lincomycin
THF
mRNA
Trimethroprim
Sulfonamides
Protein synthesis (30S inhibitors)
Ribosomes
DHF
50
50
50
Tetracyclines
30
30
30
Spectinomycin
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Cytoplasmic membrane structure and function
Kanamycin
Amikacin
Nitrofurans
Polymyxins Daptomycin
Lipid biosynthesis
Protein synthesis (tRNA)
Plantensimycin
PABA
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cell wall
Mupirocin Puromycin
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Fig. 27-13
Eukaryotes
Bacteria
Obligately parasitic Bacteria
Viruses
RNA viruses
DNA viruses
Gram-negative Bacteria
Gram-positive Bacteria
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Fungi
Mycobacteria
Penicillins
Tobramycin
Nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
Azoles
Sulfonamides Cephalosporins Quinolones
Allylamines
Cycloheximide
Protease inhibitors
Streptomycin
Polyenes
Fusion inhibitors
Polyoxins
Tetracycline
Nucleic acid analogs
Nucleoside analogs Interferon
Vancomycin Daptomycin
Isoniazid
Polymyxins
Echinocandins
Platensimycin
6
Fig. 27-14
3
3
15
Cephalosporins
17
Macrolides
Quinolones
Penicillins
Aminoglycosides
14
Tetracyclines
37
Other
11
7
SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Growth Factor Analogs Sulfa Drugs
8
Fig. 27-16
Sulfanilamide
p-Aminobenzoic acid
Folic acid
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SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Quinolones
10
Fig. 27-18
11
b-Lactam Antibiotics Penicillins and
Cephalosporins
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Fig. 27-19
Thiazolidine ring
?-Lactam ring
N-Acyl group
6-Aminopenicillanic acid
N-Acyl group
Designation
NATURAL PENICILLIN
Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)
Gram-positive activity
?-lactamase-sensitive
SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS
Methicillin
acid-stable,
?-lactamase-resistant
Oxacillin
acid-stable,
?-lactamase-resistant
Ampicillin
broadened spectrum of activity (especially
against gram-negative Bacteria),
acid-stable, ?-lactamase-sensitive
Carbenicillin
broadened spectrum of activity (especially
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa), acid-stable
but ineffective orally, ?-lactamase-sensitive
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Fig. 27-20
Dihydrothiazine ring
?-lactam ring
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Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
15
Fig. 27-21
N-Acetyltransferase
Streptomycin
Kanamycin
16
Macrolide Antibiotics
17
Fig. 27-22
Macrolide ring
Sugars
18
Tetracyclines
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Fig. 27-23
Tetracycline analog
Tetracycline
7-Chlortetracycline (aureomycin)
5-Oxytetracycline (terramycin)
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Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
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Resistance Mechanisms
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Fig. 27-27
Phosphorylation
?-Lactamase
Adenylation
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Acetylation
Chloramphenicol
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Table 27-7
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Mechanism of Resistance Mediated by R Plasmids
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Microbial Sidebar Preventing Antimicrobial Drug
Resistance
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(No Transcript)
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Origin of Resistance Plasmids
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Spread of AntimicrobialDrug Resistance
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Fig. 27-28
Men who have sex with men
16
Heterosexual men
80
14
Women
Streptomycin
Tetracycline
12
60
10
Sulfonamides
Percentage resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae
Percentage resistant fecal strains
Ampicillin
8
40
Kanamycin
6
Nalidixic acid
Chloramphenicol
4
Gentamicin
20
2
0
20
80
100
125
150
Massachusetts
New York City
General population
Antibiotic use (tons)
9
8
7
6
5
Percentage resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae
4
3
2
1
0
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
Year
30
Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens
31
Fig. 27-29
Candida albicans
Acinetobacter sp.
Key
Gram-negative
Enterococcus faecium
Gram-positive
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive/ acid-fast
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fungus
Haemophilus ducreyi
Salmonella typhi
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella sp.
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella sp.
Other gram-negative rods
Staphylococcus aureus
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year