CO2Reduction with recycling and incineration Prof.Dr.Ing.habil. Dr. h.c. Bernd Bilitewski

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CO2-Reductionwith recycling and incineration
Prof.Dr.-Ing.habil. Dr. h.c. Bernd Bilitewski
Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften,
Fachrichtung Wasserwesen, Institut für
Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten, Lehrstuhl für
Abfallwirtschaft

• Berlin 4. 12. 2007

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INTRODUCTION

• INTRODUCTION
• Recycling potentials and limitations
• MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Incineration
• ENERGETIC RECOVERY OF REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
• Expected RDF quantities in Europe and Germany
  2006
• CONCLUSION

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Recycling and waste incineration save 1  of
primary fossil fuel in Germany in 2004 (BMU)
1. Introduction
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Material flow of virgin and secondary plastics in
packaging
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Development of recovered paper collection in a
cumulative illustration
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Switching from quantity to quality - Replacing
a pick-up scheme by a bring scheme
Collection of graphical papers
Collection of non-graphical papers
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Development of distribution of the utilised
recovered paper in paper production (1992 and
2003)
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Distribution of incineration plants in Europe in
the year 2003
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Table 1.Amount of household waste (total and
incinerated amount) in European countries
(Stengler, E.)
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Figure 2 Input and distribution of material flow
of an incineration plant (Reimann, D.O )
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Figure 9 Energy balance of an incineration plant
of municipal solid waste (Reimann, D.O )
3 (1-4)
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Heat value in GJ/ Mg
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Average output of 97 plants in EU
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The EU-court (C 458/00 Par. 34 ) stated that a
waste incineration plant can only be considered a
plant for energy recovery as long as more than
50 of the released energy is recovered and used.
From the scientific point of view this is
illogical because as long as an incineration
plant produces a positive amount of energy it can
be considered an energy recycling plant.
Nevertheless the new waste framework directive
proposes the following formula on energy
efficiency Coefficient of energy use per year
(Ep / (0. 97 x Ew)) Ep produced and used
energy per year (steam, electricity) GJ/y Ew
energy input per year GJ/y - input
calculation has to go after the BREF/BAT 0. 97
correction factor to consider losses by slag,
radiation in front of the vessel
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The following energy equivalent factors from the
framework directive have to be used
onlyElectricity 1MWhe abs 2.6
MWh equ.Steam exported 1MWhst abs 1.1 MWh
equ.The proposed coefficients to reach the
status of an energy recycling plant by EU
Commission are0.60 for plants now operating
and receive the operation permission before 1 st
Jan 20090.65 for plants to receive the
operation permission after 31st of Dec 2008
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Efficiency according to ECJ C-458 and WFD
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Fossil CO2-emission factors (by weight) for
household waste in European countries
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Figure 8 Fossil CO2-emission factors (by energy
content) for several waste types and fossil fuels
120,0
111,0
100,0
93,0
80,0
74,0
/TJ
2,fossil
56,0
60,0
35,9 Mg CO2/TJ
Mg CO
39,9
40,0
31,6
26,6
18,9
20,0
0,0
Heizöl
Erdgas
Hausmüll
RDF (Biol. stab.)
Sperrmüll
RDF (Mat. flow sep.)
Steinkohle
Rohbraunkohle
Hausmüllähnlicher Gewerbeabfall
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Saving of CO2-emissions of WFD
Biogenic C in residual waste measured by fraction
specific sorting at the IAA of TU Dresden
Average 67,5 biogenic C in residual waste
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Potencial of optimisation of WFD with 17,8 mill.
Mg
Jährliche Einsparung durch MVAs ca. 3,6 Mio. Mg
CO2,Äquivalent
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Optimisation

Elektr. Wirkungsgrad 5 Therm. Wirkungsgrad 8
gt Savings of 2,36 Mio. Mg CO2-Äquivalenten/a
possible
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CO2-avoidanc cost in relation of operating hours
to deliver steam for district heating system
Optimisation
2.000 hours per year will save 3.140 Mg
CO2-equivalent emissions 9.420 Mg
CO2-equivalent with 6.000 operating hours
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• The reduction of CO2 is comparatively cheap
  compared to the use of wind and solar energy.
• The following example gives a good overview
• The increase of efficiency of electric power
  of 5 will have
  CO2-avoidance costs of 43 /t CO2,
• the increase of heat-use
  by 8 will produce
  CO2-avoidance costs of approx 7-20 /t CO2.
• The avoidance costs of alternative energy
  production are much higher
• Wind energy 90-180 /t
  CO2
• Solar energy 1800-2300 /t
  CO2
• Also biomass use can have a price of up to 60 /t
  CO2 avoidance.

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Waste reduction by means of recycling (Vogel)
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Waste reduction by conventionel options
(Recycling Waste Incineration Slag usage)
Vogel
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Optimization of the thermal process

• increase the energy efficiency,
• reduce the flue gas flow
• minimize the development of hazardous substances
  like dioxins, CO andNOx
• avoid or minimize corrosion.
• improve the ash management .
• Current developments to reach these objectives
  are
• Water-cooled grate elements
• Flue gas recirculation
• Oxygen enrichment of the primary air
• Cladding of the boiler tubes

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RDF production
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Growth of RDF or SRF in Europe
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Biogenic C in residual waste and RDF
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Average inorganic chlorine content of 0.414 as
a basic chlorine content in residual waste in
Germany and the total amount of chlorine in the
residual waste in respect of the PVC content in
the waste resulting in average chlorine content
for the residual waste of 0.69
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Combined coal fired power and RDF gasification
plant
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• Unknown technical risks in the long run like
  corrosion, higher maintenance, availability etc.
• Unexpected bad quality of RDF (particle size too
  big, chlorine content, ash content too high,
  melting point to low etc.)
• The property of gypsum from the flue gas cleaning
  system changed dramatically to the worse, so that
  is could not be sold.
• The investment in the power plants for handling,
  shredding and storage were not covered by the
  tipping fee.
• Acceptance of the local inhabitants was lacking.
• To cover the cost and the risks power plants in
  Germany expect tipping fees of 48 to 65 /t in
  2006/7.

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CONCLUSIONS

• The modern incinerators are an important part of
  a complex waste management solution.
• Energy recovery can be a substantial part, as
  well as CO2 reduction, because approximately
  50-60 of the waste is renewable.
• Chlorine is a problem because of corrosion and
  low energy production. This problem should be
  resolved in the future.

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Thank you for your attention!
Institut für Abfallwirtschaft und
Altlasten Tel. [phone] Mail
abfall_at_mail.zih.tu-dresden.de Web
www.tu-dresden.de/fghhiaa/
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References
Folie 3 BMU 2007, website Folie 4-6
Intecus GmbH Dresden Folie 7 Verband
Deutscher Papierfabriken Folie 14-16 CEN-FEAD
Brüssel Folie 17-20, 23 Dr. D.O. Reimann Folie
31 Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Prof.
Vogel Folie 32-35 CEN-FEAD Brüssel