Soil Compaction Jan van den Akker Catalin Simota Tom Hoogland

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Soil CompactionJan van den Akker Catalin
SimotaTom Hoogland
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Introduction

• Introduction
• Risk Assessment Methods
• Empirical RAM used for The Netherlands
• Deterministic RAM used for The Netherlands
• Dutch Soil Database prediction subsoil
  compaction
• Conclusions

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Definition of subsoil
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Subsoil compaction is (partly) irreversible
Risk
Effect
Resilience
topsoil
-
- - -

ploughpan
0 / -
- -
-
subsoil
0 / -
-
- -
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Risk Assessment Methods

• 1 Empirical RAMs based on measurements,
  monitoring, experience, evaluation
• Hungary, former DDR, Poland, Slowakia, Romania
• Deterministic RAMs based on a soil mechanical
  approach
• Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Romania, Spain, France
  (Netherlands)
• RAM based on mass of agricultural machinery
• Italy

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Empirical RAM (based on experience, Jones et al.,
2003)

• This is a two-stage methodology to assess the
  vulnerability of subsoil to compaction
• Assessing the inherent susceptibility based on
  texture and packing density.
• 2 Combining this soil susceptibility with an
  index of climatic dryness/subsoil wetness, to
  determine the vulnerability class.

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Texture classes EU soil map

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Packing Density

• Determined in a soil pit (visual)
• OR
• PD Db 0.009C (1)
• Where Db is the bulk density in t m-3
• PD is the packing density in t m-3
• C is the clay content (, by weight)
• low lt1.40,
• medium 1.40 to 1.75
• high gt 1.75 t m-3.

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Inherent susceptibility to compaction according
to texture and packing density
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Jones et al(2003)Susceptability(texture,
packing density)
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Vulnerability to compaction according to soil
susceptibility and climate
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Jones et alVulnerability(susceptibility,
climate)
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Deterministic RAM (based on soil mechanical
approach)
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Determination precompression strength with
uniaxial test
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Precompression stress (pF 1.8), 30-60 cm soil
depth for Germany (SIDASS-model)
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Compaction by compression and shear
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Terra Tyre, sandy soil, wheel load 80 kN (8
tonnes)
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Wheel load carrying capacity
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Max wheel load (kN) - Terra Tyre - Subsoil
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Empirical ? Deterministic
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Dutch Soil Database BD upper subsoil
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Dutch Soil Database FrequencyBD upper subsoil
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Dutch Soil Database Predicted subsoil
overcompaction in 2010
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Conclusions

• All RAMs are not complete
• Empirical RAMs are limited to experiences in
  countries
• Empirical RAMs neglect wheel loads
• Deterministic RAMs are more universal and
  scientific
• Deterministic RAMs neglect impact on soil
  properties
• Deterministic RAMs neglect resilience
• Deterministic RAMs require soil mechanical
  properties
• Results RAMs are not always in agreement
• Subsoil compaction increases in the Netherlands
• Not in agreement with RAMs?
• Further development of deterministic RAMs is the
  best option for harmonization

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Reduced infiltration capacity
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ENVASSO
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Soil Properties
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Soil Physical Threshold Values (1)
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Soil Physical Threshold Values (2)
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Soil Physical Threshold Values (3)
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Assessment Packing density and bulk density
ploughpan
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Climate
(Arvidson et al)
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Land use

• Grassland
• Arable farming,
• - Ploughing
• - No-Till
• - Biological farming
• - Conservation Tillage
• Forest
• Grains
• Root crops
• Silage maize
• Heavy mechanization

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Management
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Sugarbeet harvesters 1999 Weight and wheel loads
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Sugarbeet harvesters Wheel loads and inflation
pressures
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Resilience Persistence of subsoil compaction
(Alakukku et al)
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Database criteria
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Database Thresholds
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Database RAM used (1)
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Database RAM used (2)
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Database RAM used (3)
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Soil Directive
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Eckelmann et al, 2006. ESB report 20
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Eckelmann et al, 2006. ESB report 20
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Precompression stress
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Wheel load Stress propagation in soil
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RAM Romania according Jones et al (2003) arable
land
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RAM according soil mechanical approach (SIDASS)
arable land
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RAMs compared (arable land)
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Climate
(Arvidson et al)
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• Soil Properties
• Climate
• Landuse
• Management
• Resilience