Module

1
Module 9 - Learning

• Types of Learning
• Classical Conditioning Neutral stimulus
  acquires ability to produce a response
• Operant Conditioning Consequences increase or
  decrease the likelihood of a response

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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

• Neutral Stimulus (NS) causes a sensory
  response but does not produce the reflex
• Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) triggers a
  physical response
• Unconditioned Response (UCR) Unlearned reflex

3
Classical Conditioning

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Same as neutral
  stimulus now produces a response
• Conditioned Response (CR) Similar to the UCR,
  but lesser in size amount

4
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

• We learn to associate two stimuli

5
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

• Rewards/Punishments determine behavior
• Reinforcements increase the likelihood of a
  response
• Punishment decreases the likelihood of a
  response

6
Operant Chamber

• Skinner Box
• soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an
  animal presses or pecks to release a food or
  water reward
• contains a device to record responses

7
Operant Conditioning

• Thorndikes Law of Effect
• Random actions followed by reward are
  strengthened and will recur

8
Operant Conditioning

• Learned connection btwn response and its
  consequence
• behaviors followed by favorable consequences
  become more likely and behaviors followed by
  unfavorable consequences become less likely

9
Cognitive Learning (Bandura)

• Modeling is the most powerful influence
• Learning by observation/ imitation
• History
• B f(P) Behavior is a function of Personality
• B f(E) Behavior is a function of environment

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Cognitive Learning (Bandura)

• B f(PxE) Behavior is a function of the
  personality environment
• Reciprocal Determinism
• B
• P E
• Behavior is a function of personality, behavior
  and environment

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Conditioning Concepts

• Generalization Similar stimuli elicit same
  response (Little Albert Example)
• Discrimination Only certain stimuli will elicit
  response

12
Conditioning Concepts

• Extinction CS is repeatedly presented without
  the UCS and eventually will no longer elicit the
  CR
• Spontaneous Recovery The CR reappears even
  after an absence of conditioning trials

13
Adaptive Learning

• Abilities evolved for survival
• Taste Aversion
• Preparedness -

14
Conditioned Emotions

• Phobias
• Intense, irrational fear out of proportion with
  reality of danger
• Anticipatory Nausea
• Nausea elicited prior to a treatment that results
  in nausea

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Explanations of Learning

• Stimulus Substitution
• A Neural bond is created between the NS and the
  UCS

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Explanations of Learning

• Contiguity Theory
• The NS and UCS are paired so closely in time that
  the connection in the mind is made

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Explanations of Learning

• Cognitive Perspective
• The organism learns a predictable relationship
  between the two events

18
Treatment Applications

• Systematic Desensitization a conditioning
  technique to reduce anxiety
• Fear/Anxiety Hierarchy
• Greatest Fear
• Least Fear

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Treatment Applications

• Relieves fears of
• Blood, needles, snakes, public-speaking
• Test anxiety
• Treating drug desires

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Module 10 Learning (contd)

• Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning
• Responses are modified by the
• consequences which follow
• Law of Effect

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Operant Terms

• Operant Response the meaningful unit of
  behavior
• Shaping successive reinforcement of
  approximate behaviors as they lead to the desired
  behavior goal
• Application Examples

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Comparison

• OPERANT
• GOAL
• Increases or Decreases a rate of Response

• CLASSICAL
• GOAL
• Create a new response to a neutral stimulus

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Comparison

• OPERANT
• Response
• Voluntary
• Emitted by Shaping
• Contingent upon behavior
• Reinforced immediately

• CLASSICAL
• Response
• Involuntary Reflex
• Elicited by Stimulus
• Conditioned by the Pairing presented slightly
  before

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Comparison

• OPERANT
• Result
• Behavior depends on Consequences

• CLASSICAL
• Result
• Organism learns a predictable relationship
  between NS UCS

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Reinforcement

• Increases the chance of behavior recurring
• Positive rewards
• Negative removing an unpleasant stimulus to
  increase the positive behavior

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Punishment

• Decreases the chance of behavior recurring
• Positive presenting an unpleasant stimulus
  after a response
• Negative removing a reinforcing stimulus after
  a response

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Reinforcers

• Primary food, water, sex innately satisfying
• Secondary acquires power through experience

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Reinforcement Schedules

• Cumulative Record a continuous written chart
• Types
• Continuous every occurrence
• Partial only some responses reinforced

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Partial Reinforcement

• Fixed Ratio
• Occurs after a Fixed of responses
• Payment for of items completed

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Partial Reinforcement

• Fixed Interval
• Behavior occurs after a fixed interval of time
• Surfers riding waves after so many minutes of time

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Partial Reinforcement

• Variable Ratio
• A different number of responses is required for
  each reinforcement
• Las Vegas Slot Machines

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Partial Reinforcement

• Variable Interval
• Different amounts of time pass for reinforcements
  to occur
• Bus arrivals (some early, some late)

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Cognitive Learning

• Cognitive Map
• A mental representation in the brain of an
  environment and its features

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Social Cognitive Learning

• 4 Features
• Attention Observe
• Memory Store the image
• Imitation Ability to perform
• Motivation incentive to imitate
• Skill vs Performance deficits

35
Social Cognitive Learning

• Learning/Performance Distinction
• learning may occur but not always be evident
  in the subsequent behaviors

36
Applications

• Decreasing fears model w/snake holding
• Suzuki Violin parents demonstrate, play games,
  verbal praise

37
Insight Learning

• The A-HA experience
• Sudden expected solution to a problem

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Biological Factors

• Ethology study of animal behaviors in natural
  settings
• Imprinting inherited tendencies

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Biological Factors

• Critical Period brief time
• Preparedness innate tendency to certain
  stimuli, cues
• Broca/Wernickes areas language learning centers

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More Applications

• Behavioral Modification classical and operant
  conditioning
• Biofeedback using physiological data to see
  reactions

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Comparison

• SPANKING
• Positive Punishment
• increases aggression
• linked to low self-esteem depression

• TIME-OUT
• Negative Punishment
• fewer side effects
• Doesnt model aggression

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Comparison

• SPANKING
• Only points out what the child should not do
• Can be used sparing w/ consistency

• TIME-OUT
• No severe emotional reactions
• Combine with teaching alternative desired
  behaviors reinforcement