A. What Is The Genetic Basis of Psychological Science

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Chapter 3- Genetic and Biological Foundations
A. What Is The Genetic Basis of Psychological
Science? B. How Does The Nervous System
Operate? C. How Do Neurotransmitters Influence
D. How Are Neural Messages Integrated Into
Communications Systems

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Neurons-

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Soma Dendrites

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

• Axons-

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

At the ends of the axons branches are terminal
buttons.
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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Neurotransmitter-

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Some axons have myelin sheaths-

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

Myelin sheath- white.
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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Nodes of Ranvier-

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

Synapse-
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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Three (3) types of neurons Sensory Motor
Interneurons
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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

• Sensory neurons-
• Can go from sensory organs to CNS
• Can go from muscles and inner organs to CNS

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

• Motor neurons-
• They react

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Interneurons

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication

• Glial cells-
• 90 of cells

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1. Neurons are Specialized for Communication
Nerve-

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2. Action Potentials Cause Neuronal Communication
Neurons communicate via

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2. Action Potentials Cause Neuronal Communication

• Neurons contain
• The fluid directly

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2. Action Potentials Cause Neuronal Communication
The important ions are

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2. Action Potentials Cause Neuronal Communication
The cell membrane (wall) have doors/gates that
open and close (semi permeable).

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2. Action Potentials Cause Neuronal Communication
When gates are open, These changes generate an
electrical signal

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2. Action Potentials Cause Neuronal Communication
At rest the gates are closed. You have a high
concentration of ions outside This is the

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3. Changes in Electrical Potential Lead to Action
If a neuron is stimulated Na goes into cell
and causes This is called

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3. Changes in Electrical Potential Lead to Action
If the depolarization is strong When it
reaches a critical threshold,

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3. Changes in Electrical Potential Lead to Action
This abrupt change from (-) to () is an The
action potential spreads across

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3. Changes in Electrical Potential Lead to Action
Sometimes- hyperpolarization occurs. Results
in

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3. Changes in Electrical Potential Lead to Action

• Neurons get lots of information from lots of
  other neurons at any moment in time.
• Deciding
• Action potential works on

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon

• At the end of the axon,
• These NT pass through

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon
The speed of the action potential - thickness of
axon.

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon

• For fast firing
• Nodes of Ranvier
• Signals pass down
• Salutary conduction

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon
Right after firing, cell goes into a

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon

• During the absolute refractory period
• Momentarily hyperpolarizes cell

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon
This process prevents AP can only go in ONE
direction!

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon

• Eventually cell goes back
• This all takes

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4. Action Potentials Spread Along the Axon
Sometimes If there is a particularly strong
signal

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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse

• Neurotransmitters- chemicals that
• Neurons dont touch (synapse),

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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse

• Each neurotransmitter has a specific shape.

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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse
When NT comes from the pre-synaptic neuron (N1)
and dock onto post-synaptic neuron (N2) It
either makes an action potential on N2
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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse
At any moment a neuron gets lots of messages
(some inhibitory and some excitatory). A neuron
may fire ONLY It is the number of
vs. _______ messages that are
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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse

• Different ways to stop the effect of the NT.

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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse

Reuptake-
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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse

Enzyme deactivation-
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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse

Neuromodulation-
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5. Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the
Synapse
Autoreceptor Activity-

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C. How do Neurotransmitters Influence Emotion,
Thoughts and Behavior?
NT have an effect via the

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C. How do Neurotransmitters Influence Emotion,
Thoughts and Behavior?

• How well a NT travels from
• Drug

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C. How do Neurotransmitters Influence Emotion,
Thoughts and Behavior?

• Antagonists-
• e.g.,

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C. How do Neurotransmitters Influence Emotion,
Thoughts and Behavior?

Agonists- e.g.,

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C. How do Neurotransmitters Influence Emotion,
Thoughts and Behavior?

• How do Agonists and Antagonists work?

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C. How do Neurotransmitters Influence Emotion,
Thoughts and Behavior?

• Some important (types of) NT
• Acetylcholine
• Monoamines
• Amino Acids
• Peptides

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1. Acetylcholine Affect Motor Control and Mental
Processes

• ACh (Acetylcholine)

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1. Acetylcholine Affect Motor Control and Mental
Processes

• Curare- Ach antagonist
• Botox- ACh antagonist-
• Nicotine- ACh agonist (excites receptors)-

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2. Monoamines Are Involved in Affect, Arousal and
Motivation

Monoamines include

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2. Monoamines Are Involved in Affect, Arousal and
Motivation

Norepinephrine?

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2. Monoamines Are Involved in Affect, Arousal and
Motivation

LSD- similar structure to serotonin ?

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2. Monoamines Are Involved in Affect, Arousal and
Motivation

Dopamine-

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2. Monoamines Are Involved in Affect, Arousal and
Motivation

Drugs that are dopamine agonists

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3. Amino Acid Are Generally Inhibitory and
Excitatory Transmitters in the Brain

GABA- inhibitory NT

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3. Amino Acid Are Generally Inhibitory and
Excitatory Transmitters in the Brain

Glutamate- excitatory NT

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4. Peptides Modulate Neurotransmission

Peptides-

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4. Peptides Modulate Neurotransmission

CCK- -CCK antagonists- -CCK agonists-

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4. Peptides Modulate Neurotransmission

• Endorphins- pain reduction, reward, euphoria

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4. Peptides Modulate Neurotransmission

• Substance P-
• Capsaicin

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2. Monoamines Are Involved in Affect, Arousal and
Motivation

Serotonin? involved in Low levels of
serotonin? LSD- similar structure to serotonin
?

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D. How Are Neural Messages Integrated Into
Communications Systems?
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• The brain has more than 200 billion neurons
• Each neuron has multiple connections with other
  neurons (trillions)
• Its how information is transferred

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End of Chapter 3 Lecture