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Traffic Safety Strategies

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Title: Traffic Safety Strategies


1
Convoy Safety
Vehicle Accidents Major Losses In OIF/OEF
Convoys Have Been A Focus of Enemy Attacks
Balance FORCE PROTECTION and SAFETY
2
Convoy Operations Risk Management
  • Weve heard the Buzz and News Reports. BUT, What
    are the risks?  What is killing and Injuring
    soldiers in convoys?
  • Enemy
  • IEDs
  • Ambush
  • Accidents w/ Collisions and Rollovers
  • Trauma/being crushed
  • Drowning

3
Convoy Safety
4
Convoy Operations Risk Management
  • Conduct Risk Management
  • Include Route and Terrain Analysis before each
    mission.
  • Understand the vehicle capabilities specified
    in the TM and published Safety Messages.
  • Don't drive too fast for the road and weather
    conditions.
  • Wear seatbelts and Kevlar/CVC helmets.
  • Vehicle Commanders/Gunners ride under nametag
    defilade to the extent possible.
  • Learn the individual vehicle TMs, TCs, and Safety
    Messages that address rollovers for each specific
    vehicle in your inventory.  A couple of examples
    are
  • Ground Precautionary Message (GPM)
    TACOM-WRN-Control Number GPM-00-005 Subject
    Implementation of Crew Drill, Bradley Rollover
    Procedures
  • ARTEP 19-100-10 for HMMWVs
  • Conduct rollover drills. 

Bottom Line First Line Supervisor Ensure
Soldiers are Adhering to Standards.
5
Convoy Operations Risk Management
  • Commanders and leaders should consider the
    following actions to prevent rollover incidents
  • Ensure convoy speeds are established and
    disseminated
  • Ensure senior occupants understand their
    responsibilities as outlined in AR 600-55. 
    Specifically
  • Enforcing speed restrictions
  • Enforcing use of restraint devices
  • Assisting the driver in identifying road hazards
  • Ensuring drivers keep the proper distance
    interval between vehicles
  • Ensure drivers are trained in accident avoidance,
    hands-on skills improvement (e.g., Advanced
    Skills Driver Training), and local area hazards
  • Crew selection - Pair inexperienced operators
    with experienced operators

Bottom Line First Line Supervisors must Ensure
Soldiers are Adhering to Standards.
6
Convoy Safety
  • EMERGENCY ROLLOVER PROCEDURES
  • WARNING
  • Army tactical wheeled vehicles are not designed
    with rollover protection as a primary
    requirement. At the first sign of a vehicle
    rollover, occupants should immediately brace for
    impact. As a precaution, ensure all loose items
    and equipment, which can cause severe injury or
    death, are firmly secured prior to movement.

7
Convoy Safety
  • ROLLOVER PREVENTIVE MEASURES
  • Driver Training. Start by training your
    drivers in the six important factors that can
    affect vehicle stability. These six factors are
  • Vehicle Center of Gravity.
  • Load Security.
  • Radius of Curves and Slope of Roadways.
  • Vehicle Speed
  • adjusted to environmental/road conditions.
  • Trailer Towing.
  • Vehicle Condition and Preparation.

8
Convoy Safety
  • Vehicle Control Factors
  • Vehicle Center of Gravity. The height of a
    vehicle's center of gravity and the length of the
    wheelbase determine the vehicle's stability.
  • (2) Load Security. Improperly secured loads can
    change a vehicle's center of gravity and its
    stability. Bulk tank trucks are inherently less
    secure because fluids can surge when trucks brake
    or go around curves, thereby altering the center
    of gravity. Also, a vehicle loaded with
    containers will have a higher center of gravity.
    Additionally, it is important that payloads are
    secured as closely as possible to the lateral
    centerline of the truck or trailer bed. If the
    payload is not centered properly, the vehicle
    stability will not be equivalent when turning to
    both the right and left. See Figures next slide
  • (3) Radius of Curves and Slope of Roadways.
    These are important because they generate a
    centrifugal force that acts sideways on the
    vehicle, thereby decreasing vehicle stability.

9
Convoy Safety
10
Convoy Safety
Load Distribution Examples
11
Convoy Safety
  • Vehicle Control Factors
  • (4) Vehicle Speed.
  • As the vehicle's speed increases, the centrifugal
    force, or sideways force increases. Faster
    speeds also result in decreased driver response
    times. Speed is the factor over which the driver
    can exercise the most control. When maneuvering
    through curves or sudden traffic situations, a
    vehicle with a high center of gravity can easily
    turn over.
  • Speed is even more important when the movement of
    liquid cargo is "in phase" with the vehicle's
    maneuver. If the liquid is on one side during
    the first curve, then shifts to the other side
    during the next curve, the liquid is positioned
    to shift back to the first side with four times
    the side force it had during the initial curve.
  • Sudden vehicle maneuvers are especially risky
    because the combination of speed and load shift
    makes the vehicle unstable.
  • This is probably the most important factor
    contributing to vehicle instability because it
    magnifies problems presented by the first three
    factors.

12
Convoy Safety
  • Vehicle Control Factors
  • (5) Trailer Towing.
  • Vehicles towing trailers are much more prone to
    roll over, especially in curves and during sudden
    steering maneuvers, as a result of the
    exaggerated motion of the trailer.
  • (6) Vehicle Condition and Preparation.
  • It is critical the vehicle is in good operating
    condition before starting your mission, with
    particular attention paid to the tires condition
    and air pressure. Properly performed PMCS is the
    best way to control this potential hazard.

13
Convoy Safety
  • Risk Management Control Measures.
  • Every driver can take eight basic steps to
    prevent or reduce the potential for rollovers.
  • Adjust the vehicle speed to allow a "Speed
    Cushion" for maneuvering (at least 10 MPH below
    the posted speed limit is recommended when
    approaching a curve).
  • Slow down and downshift early. Do not shift in
    the curve.
  • Observe speed limit and check speedometer to
    ensure that your vehicle is below the posted
    speed.
  • Do not rely on a "seat of the pants" sense to
    judge speed and vehicle maneuverability. New
    suspensions and chassis set-ups give a false
    sense of control.
  • Slowly accelerate out of the curve.
  • Maintain a "Space Cushion" (distance between your
    vehicle and other traffic) so that you have a
    safe maneuvering speed to compensate for errors
    in judgment, weather, road conditions, and poor
    driving by other motorists.
  • Avoid the temptation to brake hard if the rear of
    the vehicle or trailer slides out. Instead, if
    there is clearance, attempt to apply steady
    throttle, allowing the vehicle to straighten
    itself. Braking will accelerate the skid,
    contributing to loss of control and rollover.
  • Risk Management Procedures. Personnel are
    required to wear seatbelts. All US Army
    personnel should follow unit standard operating
    procedures/tactical standard operating procedures
    and be in proper uniform when operating or riding
    as a passenger in military vehicles. It is
    recommended when operating tactical military
    vehicles in off-road conditions during field
    training, drivers training, and tactical
    operations that the Kevlar helmet be worn at all
    times with chin strap properly secured.

NOTE Commanders should include safety tips in
initial and sustainment tactical wheeled vehicle
operator training.
14
Convoy Safety
  • WARNING
  • Never attempt to leap from a rolling vehicle. It
    may roll over you. Ensure that the vehicle has
    stopped its roll before moving. Upon complete
    evacuation of all personnel, vehicle should be
    inspected for fire hazards such as leaking oil,
    fuel, and hydraulic fluid. Use the portable fire
    extinguisher when inspecting vehicle for leaks in
    case of fire, which could cause injury or death.
    If hazardous/explosive materials are involved,
    driver should take actions according to the DD
    Form 836 accompanying load. Notify emergency
    response personnel and remain at evacuation
    distance while securing accident site.

15
Convoy Safety
  • Wheeled Vehicle
  • ROLLOVER PROCEDURES
  • The driver and passengers MUST wear seat belts
    (if equipped).
  • The senior occupant is responsible for ensuring
    all personnel, riding in or on a vehicle, are
    wearing seatbelts (if equipped) and that all
    required equipment inside the vehicle is properly
    stored and secured.
  • The senior occupant must ensure that all
    personnel are checked for injuries and injured
    personnel are given emergency first aid as
    needed.
  • All sensitive items are to be secured, and the
    accident reported immediately.
  • The first soldier to notice vehicle beginning to
    rollover should shout ROLLOVER!

16
Convoy Safety
  • Wheeled Vehicle
  • ROLLOVER PROCEDURES
  • When rollover is imminent the driver performs the
    following
  • (1) Release the accelerator.
  • (2) Keep hands on the steering wheel with
    extended but not locked arms, tucks head and chin
    into chest and braces for an impact.
  • (3) Yell ROLLOVER!

17
Convoy Safety
  • Wheeled Vehicle
  • ROLLOVER PROCEDURES
  • When the vehicle is stabilized the driver
    performs the following
  • (1) Shut down the engine.
  • (2) Check for injuries.
  • (3) Identify an evacuation route.
  • (4) Retrieve fire extinguisher.
  • (5) Exit the vehicle.
  • (6) Check for fire and fuel leaks or spills.
  • (7) Attempt to contain fire and /or fuel
    leaks/spills.
  • (8) Account for occupants and sensitive items.
  • (9) Seek medical attention, as needed.
  • (10) Radio for help.

18
Convoy Safety
  • Wheeled Vehicle
  • ROLLOVER PROCEDURES
  • When the vehicle is stabilized the passenger(s)
    perform the following
  • (1) Check for injuries.
  • (2) Exit the vehicle.
  • (3) Account for personnel and sensitive items.
  • (4) Seek medical attention, as required.
  • (5) Assist the driver.

19
Convoy Safety
  • LEADER ACTIONS There are many good programs
    leaders can establish to reduce accident risk.
    Designated-driver programs and unit on-the-spot
    safety inspections are good starting points.
  • a. Commanders should
  • Know their soldiers.
  • Require disciplined, legal behavior.
  • Conduct individual soldier risk assessments
    (see format on page 3-10).
  • Provide incentives for safe performance.
  • Provide accident avoidance and remedial driver
    training programs.
  • Hold subordinate leaders accountable for leader
    intervention.
  • b. Squad leaders and Platoon Sergeants are
    the first line of defense. They should
  • Know their soldiers driving habits.
  • Ensure that deficiencies identified in vehicle
    inspections are corrected and
  • then re-inspect.
  • Recommend when driving privileges should be
    revoked.
  • Counsel individuals on the repercussions of
    unsafe driving.
  • Conduct periodic tailgate safety briefings to
    small groups.
  • Encourage soldiers to look out for each other.

20
Convoy Safety
  • Wheeled Vehicle
  • ROLLOVER PROCEDURES
  • When the rollover is imminent the passenger(s)
    performs the following
  • (1) Tuck head and chin into chest and braces for
    impact.
  • (2) Plant feet firmly on the floor while holding
    onto a stationary object.
  • (3) Yell ROLLOVER!

21
NAMETAG DEFILADE   Within the last year, two
soldiers have died in accidents because they were
not following established procedures during the
operation of a combat vehicle. In the first
accident, a M1A1 tank commander (TC) lost his
life when his tank slid off a concrete turn pad
and rolled over, crushing the TC in the process.
While there are other factors involved in this
accident, the TC was not at nametag defilade.
The second accident occurred when a Bradley
commander, standing waist defilade in the
commanders hatch, received a fatal blow to the
face from a tree limb that was 22 inches in
circumference. Had this soldier been at nametag
defilade, the branch would have passed harmlessly
over his head rather than crushing it.
Interviews conducted by the accident
investigation teams in both accidents revealed
that the soldiers in both units involved knew the
standard of nametag defilade when standing in the
hatch of combat vehicles. Furthermore, most
soldiers understood the reasons for maintaining
nametag defilade less exposure to enemy fire and
ease of dropping down in the vehicle while
conducting rollover drills. Despite knowledge of
the standard, leaders in both accidents condoned
the actions of the vehicle commanders who failed
to maintain the nametag defilade standard.
This hazard is not unique to M1 series tanks and
Bradley fighting vehicles. This same hazard can
pose serious risk to soldiers operating trucks
with ring mounted weapons, HMMWVs with
pintle-mounted weapons, FAASVs, M109s, recovery
vehicles and many other tracked / wheeled
vehicles. Leaders at all levels must identify
the risk associated with soldiers standing in the
hatches of vehicles and strictly enforce the
nametag defilade standard. Furthermore, vehicle
occupants and crews must rehearse rollover drills
to the point where it becomes second nature for
the soldiers standing in hatches to drop down and
brace for a rollover situation. The nametag
defilade standard is as old as tracked vehicles
themselves, but still requires constant
enforcement by leaders at all levels. Strict
enforcement of the nametag defilade standard WILL
save our soldiers lives in both combat and
training environments.

JAMES E. SIMMONS

Brigadier General, USA

Director of Army Safety


SAN000000ZJUL01
22
Convoy Name Tag Defilade
This Gunner is at Risk
23
OUTWARD FACING SEATING
FUEL CAN RACK
FORCE PROTECTION VERSUS SAFETY
GUN MOUNTS
TCP DEVICES
Use Composite Risk Management
24
VEHICLE SEATING REDESIGN Centerline Seating
Example of Composite Risk Management
25
Convoy - Centerline Troop Seats
(Shown on 5T Cargo Truck)
  • Uses existing seats for installation
  • Configuration allows space for equip
  • Seats are removable (bolt to bed)
  • Soldiers face outward IOT engage
  • Seating capacity is the same
  • Manufactured w/ locally procured iron
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • Easy to install
  • Minimal changes made to bed of truck

26
Safety/Risk Assessment of Outward Facing Benches
Standard Cargo Vehicle Seating
SOLDIERS STANDING IN VEHICLE IN ORDER TO LOOK
OUT.
  • FROM A FORCE PROTECTION STANDPOINT
  • Outward seating just makes Sense.
  • Mitigates the problems shown on the left.
  • FROM A SAFETY STAND POINT
  • Soldiers lose ability to have a hand hold (loss
    of side running bar).
  • Promotes Staying Seated while increasing Force
    Protection
  • FURTHER RECOMMENDATION
  • Use rolled canvas top in order to provide
    protection from the sun. Soldiers can still see
    out.
  • Add sandbags to bed of truck/metal plates to
    side.
  • Use, evaluate, try to provide hand hold (5/50
    cord?)
  • Use slat type seats or pad the seats for long
    distances.
  • Add head support bar across top.

Only the GUNNER has ability to return fire
effectively.
SOLDIERS NOT MAINTAINING SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
27
Convoy Safety Lessons Learned
  • Further Recommendations
  • for Center Line Seating
  • Install permanent collapsible seats affixed to
    the center of the truck bed that accommodates
  • Seatbelts or Lap belts with shoulder harnesses
    built into the seat.
  • A head restraint to help counter whiplash.
  • UH-60 style restraint system has been suggested
    as a baseline for design.

28
Convoy Safety Lessons Learned
  • ISSUE Numerous wrecks and rollovers have
    occurred during movement through Iraq during
    combat and non-combat operations.
  • BACKGROUND Vehicle accidents resulted from
    environmental conditions that drivers were not
    prepared for, such as
  • ROUGH TERRAIN CROSS COUNTRY TRAVEL THROUGH THE
    DESERT, CREVICES, RAVINES, AND WASHOUTS,
  • DUST OBSCURING VISION THE CAUSE FACTORS FOR
    MOST ACCIDENTS WERE
  • FOLLOWING TOO CLOSE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS,
    SPEED LIMITING REACTION TIME,
  • LIMITED VISIBILITY (Night and Dust) AND FAILURE
    TO ADJUST VEHICLE SPACING,
  • EXTREME DUST CONDITIONS LIMITING VISIBILITY, AND
    EXTENSIVE NIGHT DRIVING
  • STOPPING IN THE MIDDLE OF A DUST CLOUD RESULTING
    IN REAR END COLLISIONS.
  • DAYS OF TRAVEL OVER LONG DISTANCES.

29
Convoy Safety Lessons Learned
  • DISCUSSION - Accident reports indicate the
    causal factors for most accidents were
  • Following too closely for environmental
    conditions,
  • Excessive speed limiting reaction time,
  • Limited visibility and failure to adjust vehicle
    separation.
  • Stopping in the middle of a dust cloud have
    resulted in several rear end collisions.
  • Numerous vehicles have rear ended each other or
    rolled over in extreme dust conditions.
  • Convoys passing each other creates additional
    dust condition problems.
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Driving Courses at Training Centers should
    simulate driving conditions found in desert type
    environments.
  • Include inflatable/soft vehicles/obstacles that
    will not damage military equipment in the event
    of collisions.
  • Master Drivers program should be expanded to
    require soldiers to negotiate courses with field
    representative hazards.
  • Once in theater drivers should gain experience
    within base camp surroundings prior to executing
    combat driving (within mission time constraints)
    maximize supervision until experience is gained.

30
INEXPERIENCED DRIVER SPEED, OVER BRAKING LOOSE
CARGO
IMPROPER TOWING PROCEDURES COMBINED WITH SPEED
ACCIDENTS Deaths Injuries
FOLLOWING TOO CLOSE FOR CONDITIONS STOPPING IN
DUST
UNFAMILIAR TERRAIN SPEED
31
Convoy Lessons Learned Spare Tires
  • EXTREME TIRE WEAR LEADING TO BLOWOUTS WITHOUT
    SPARE TIRES BEING AVAILABLE.
  • BACKGROUND
  • Vehicles deployed for operations however, tires
    already exposed to environmental exposures were
    dry-rotting. This resulted ed in premature
    failure and wear out which wasnt visible during
    PMCS.
  • RADIAL AND BIAS TIRES are not interchangeable
    this has lead to additional problems.

32
Convoy Lessons Learned Spare Tires
  • DISCUSSION
  • Extensive mileage was placed on vehicles during
    the conflicts and SASO portions of OIF/OEF.
  • Spare tires / Rims availability has been limited
    within theater resulting in vehicles running with
    unserviceable tires. In some cases tires have had
    to be replaced due to the type of tires and
    incompatibility with replacement tires.
  • Excessive heat exposure has resulted in
    increased side wall blowouts.
  • Vehicles have not been equipped with a means of
    carrying a spare tire.
  • Radial tires have proven to be the choice for
    the environment.
  • Off-the Shelf replacements have been purchased
    but are often not to military specifications.

33
Convoy Lessons Learned Spare Tires
  • Recommendations
  • Deploy some vehicles with a spare tire (mounted
    and inflated on a rim) to the extent possible.
  • Supplement TMs/Supporting references to add some
    spare tires to the BII Requirements.
  • Theater Level Logistics Packages add some spare
    tires (rim mounted) to vehicles, with
    replacement quantities sufficient for mission.
  • Equip some convoy vehicles with a roof rack or
    rear end holder for carrying a spare. Note
    Alteration of Center-of-Gravity may alter
    stability to some extent resulting in safety
    risk. Perform Risk Assessment to determine
    acceptability.

34
Convoy Safety
Vehicle Accidents Major Losses In OIF/OEF
Convoys Have Been A Focus of Enemy Attacks
Balance FORCE PROTECTION and SAFETY
Exercise Composite Risk Management
35
Convoy Safety - CLFX
  • Convoy Live Fire Training
  • Local Training Area Requirements
  • SOP Detailing the training
  • Risk Assessment required for all phases of the
    training
  • Range Record must include the type of weapons,
    caliber, distances and vehicles to be used. (if
    not these need to be evaluated and updated)
  • One safety NCO per firer recommended in initial
    live fire phases
  • Inherent Safety Risk Combines Vehicles and
    Weapons
  • Employ a Crawl-Walk-Run Approach
  • Gated-Phased training
  • Guidance in AE Pam 350-100 Convoy Operations/
    Convoy Live Fire Program (DRAFT) - Supplements
    Lessons Learned from OIF/OEF
  • The safe conduct of soldiers firing weapons and
    pyrotechnics, detonating explosives, and
    maneuvering on ranges is a command responsibility.

36
Convoy Safety - CLFX
  • Convoy Live Fire Training
  • Initial training conducted at Local Training
    Areas
  • Advanced Marksmanship/Reflexive Fire (Table IV)
  • Static Vehicle Firing Familiarization (Table VI)
  • Dry Fire, then Blanks, then Live Fire
  • Requires Weapon Discipline to prevent Negligent
    Discharges or Off Range Rounds.
  • Ideal situation is one safety NCO (E4 or higher)
    per firer.
  • In the Event of a Negligent Discharge or round
    leaving safe zone All local/associated Range
    Operations will Cease with Report to Range
    Control.
  • All incident/accidents will be investigated and
    cleared by range control prior to resuming.
  • AE Pam 350-100

Requires High Level of Weapon Discipline
37
Convoy Safety - CLFX
  • Convoy Live Fire Training
  • Advanced phases of training conducted at
    Grafenwoehr Training Area
  • Weapons Discipline is Extremely Important.
  • At any time half the weapons may be pointed off
    installation
  • The major underlying reasons for errors related
    to all accidents and injuries are
  • Lack of self-discipline.
  • Failure to enforce standards.
  • Inadequate training.
  • Failure to follow procedures
  • Improper or inadequate clearing
  • Untimely loading/unloading
  • Personnel in the path of recoil or back-blast
  • Fratricide

38
Convoy Safety - CLFX
  • Risk Assessment Use FM 100-14, and FM 3-22.9
    for Guidance
  • Consider Target Audience i.e., Advanced
    Infantry Based Weapons training for CS/CSS Units.
  • High Level of Weapon Discipline Required
  • Never point weapons at people unless intent is to
    kill
  • Load only on Command
  • LTAs Require Special Attention to Weapon
    Discipline due to Area Limitations
  • Observe Local Range SOPs/Regulations/Guidance
  • Maintain weapons on Safe until ready to fire.
    Pointed Downrange, Finger outside trigger housing
    area.
  • Never touch weapons with personnel downrange.
  • Maintain Control of Ammunition/Brass
    Issue/Turn-In
  • Keep Live and Blank Ammunition Separate
  • Clear and Rod weapons prior to leaving firing
    line
  • Maintain Medical/Emergency Personnel/Equipment
  • Two communications systems
  • Police the range when completed.
  • Anyone observing unsafe act has responsibility to
    call Cease Fire!
  • Treat all weapons as Loaded at ALL times.

39
Convoy Safety
  • Convoy Safety/Survivability has become a Focus of
    Army Attention.
  • The Enemy has Targeted Convoy Vulnerability.
  • With Proper Training we can Eliminate this
    perceived Vulnerability.
  • Safe and Effective Training is Key along with
    Composite Risk Management.
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