as Gef ap fa ta df a epsp pese e e pe Sstt, as tp a s a

1

• ??a?????s? Ge?µ??f?? ap? ??f?a?? ???t??a ?d?f???
  ?a? ???ep?s??p???? ?pe?????se?? µe ?e??????
  ?µpe???? S?st?µ?t??, ??a?????s?? ???t?p?? ?a?
  ?????s?? ?????a?

? d?at??ß? a?t? ???p??e? s?µß?????? ?a? p?s?t????
a?apa?ast?se?? t?? t?p???af???? ?a?
?e?µ??f???????? ???s?? ?a? ???p??e? ??a p?a?s??
f?t?e?µ??e?a? t?? ?e?µ??f??.

• ?a 4 ? ? F ? ? ? ? ?
• S?????? G?OS?S--gt S?st?µa Ge?-?a????µ?s?? ?a?
  F?t?e?µ??e?t??? ??e?d?? ??a ?e?t??????
  ?????ß?a??? ?e???e?
• ???????S??S?--gt??apa??stas? t?? F?t?e?µ??e?t????
  G??s?? t?? F?s????af???? ?e??f??e?a? Basin ?a?
  Range (N.W. U.S.A.) st? ?ß??d??? ????f?? ?µpe????
  S?st?µat?? Smart Elements
• ??S?????????S?--gt??t?p?sµ?? ?a? ??a?????s?
  ??e???? ????? ap? ??t??a? ??a???t???? ??a??t?ta?
  ??f?a?? ???µet???? ?ed?µ??a
• S?st?µa ????S ???F?S?O?--gt S???es? µ?a? ß?s??
  ???s?? ??a ta ??e??? a?t??e?µe?a µe asaf? p??t?pa
  a?a?????s??

NEVADA (?e?????? µe??t??) lt ?? ????
2
?. S?st?µa Ge?-?a????µ?s?? ?a? F?t?e?µ??e?t???
??e?d?? ??a ?e?t?????? ?????ß?a??? ?e???e?
lt--?e?t????? a????ß?a?? ?e???? Death lt--Valley

• ???????? 1. ? pe????af? t?? ?e?µ??f?? µe ß?s? ta
  f?t?e?µ??e?t??? t??? ?a?a?t???st??? pa???s???e?
  ??p??a µe??d??????? p??ß??µata, af?? ap?te????
  a)p???t???? ?at? ????? ???? pe????af?? t??
  ?a?a?t???st???? p?? pa?at??e? ? e?µ??e?t?? st??
  ae??f?t???af?a p?? e?f?????ta? d?aµ?s?? t??
  f?s???? a????p???? ???ssa? (ap? t?? f?s? t??,
  asaf?? ?a? a?a???ß??).
• ???????? 2. Se ?e????? ??aµµ??, ?? ???????
  s??se?? t?? ?e?µ??f?? t?s? se µe???? (?e?µ??f??
  3?? t???? µe??????) ?s? se µ???? ???µa?a
  (f?s????af?a) de? ????? e?s?µat??e? ?µesa se ??a
  p?a?s?? f?t?e?µ??e?a? ?e?µ??f??.

3
S ? ? ? ? ?
Ste?e?µ??t??? p?? p??s?µe???e? t?? p??????µe??
f?t???af?a

• 1. ???sµ?? e??? s?st?µat?? ?e?ta????µ?s?? ??a t??
  te?t?????? a????ß?a??? ?e???e? st?? pe????? Basin
  and Range t?? ?.?. ?.?.? ? d?ad??as?a a?t?
  apa?te?
• 1.1. ??? p??sd????sµ? t?? pa?aµ?t??? (p? t???
  µe??????) µe t?? ?p??e? ?a ???a?????? ??
  ?e?µ??f?? st? s?st?µa ?e?ta????µ?s?? ?a?
• 1.2 . ??? p??sd????sµ? t?? ?p?d?a???se?? t??
  s?st?µat??.
• 2. ?a?aµet???? a?apa??stas? t?? ?e?µ??f?? t??
  te?t?????? a????ß?a??? ?e?a??? t?? pe??????
  µe??t??, µe ß?s? ta f?t?e?µ??e?t??? t???
  ?a?a?t???st???.
• 2.1. ??? p??sd????sµ? t?? f?t?e?µ??e?t????
  ?a?a?t???st???? (attributes) ?a? t?? t?µ?? t???
  (values) ap? ß?ß?????af???? a?af???? ?a? a????s?
  f?t???af???.
• 2.2. ??? t?p?p???s? t?? f?t?e?µ??e?t????
  ?a?a?t???st???? st? p?a?s?? p?? ?a?????e? t?
  s?st?µa ta????µ?s?? ped???.

4
S?st?µa ?e?ta????µ?s?? ??a te?t?????? a????ß?a???
?e???e?
Ge??????? e?µ??e?a t?? ass?µet??a? t?? ???e????
?a? t?? d?µ??????a? t?? d?af??et???? se µ??e???
a????ß?a??? ap???se?? st?? ???t?e? t?? ???se????
?a s?st?µata ?e?ta????µ?s?? e?f?????? t??
ep???µ?a ?a a?apt???e? µ?a ????? ???ssa
ep????????a? ??a ta f?s??? ped?a ?a? ta te?????
t??? ?a?a?t???st??? (Ollier 1977). St?? ?.?.?.
ß?s? ?at?tµ?s?? e??a? ? ?e?µ??f? (Way 1978), ITC
?? f?s???? d?e??as??? (Van Zuidam et al. 1979),
st?? ??st?a??a (PUCE) e?s?µat????ta? ?a? ta
te?t????? ?e??????? ?a?a?t???st??? (Dearman 1991).

• ?? p??te???µe?? s?st?µa ßas??eta? ????a st??
  ?e?a????? ta????µ?s? t?? ?e?µ??f?? t??
  pe??f??e?a? Basin and Range ap? t?? Peterson
  (1981) ?a? st?? pe????af?? t?? Fenneman (1931).
  ?? pa??µet??? ep???????a? e??a?
• .???? µe?????? (Van Engeln 1942, Pandey 1987)
• .F?s???? d?e??as?e? (Van Zuidam ?.a. 1979).
• .???f? (Way 1978).
• .???ta?? (Pandey 1987, Way 1978, Lillesand and
  Kiefer 1987).

5
? pe??f??e?a (?d??? s??d?asµ?? e?d??e???
d???µe??) ?a? ?? e??t?te? (d?af???p??e?ta? ?
??tas? t?? e?d??e??? d?af???p??e? t??
ep???at??se? e???e?e??).To f?s????af???
a?t??e?µe?a ap?te???? t? p????? t?? e?e?d??e?s??
t?? e?d??e??? d???µe?? se µ?a f?s????af???
e??t?ta (a??te?? t??? µe??????). Intermontane
Basin.?? t?p???af???? µ??f?? d?af???p?????ta? ??
p??? t?? µ??f?, p????pt??? ????a ap? t??
d?af???p???s? t?? d?e??as??? ap??es??, d??ß??s??
?a? ap? t?? d??ta??. ?? ?e?µ??f?? p???????ta?
????a ap? t?? d?af???p???s? t?? e???e???
d?e??as??? se ???µa?a µe?????? µ????te?? ap? a?t?
t?? t?p???af???? µ??f??
??t??e?µe?a Ge?µ??f??, ??????s? ?at? t??? ?a?
f?s??? d?e??as?a
6
???ta??
7
???t?te? (Section)
8
F?t?e?µ??e?t??? ?a?a?t???st??? ???se????
9
?e???e? ap??es?? ?at? e??t?ta
10
S?µp??asµa p??t?? ?efa?a???

• ?? p??te???µe?? s?st?µa s?µpe???aµß??e? ??? µ???
  t? d?µ??? p?a?s?? ?a? ta f?t?e?µ??e?t???
  ?a?a?t???st??? ??a t?? ?e?µ??f?? t??t?? t????
  a??? t? s????? t?? ?e?µ??f??, ap? t? ep?ped? t??
  f?s????af???? pe??f??e?a? ??? t?? ?e?µ??f??
  t?ta?t?? t????.
• ? t?p?p???s? t?? ???s?? st? s?st?µa
  ?e?ta????µ?s?? ???eta? µe t?sse??? ????e?
  pa?aµ?t???? ?? ?p??e? af?????, t?? t??? µe??????,
  t?? µ??f?, t?? f?s???? d?e??as?e? ?a? t?? f?s???
  d??ta?? t?? ?e?µ??f?? st? ?e?µ??f???????
  pe??ß?????.
• G?a t? s??p? a?t? ???s?µ?p??????a? ??e? p??
  e?e?d??e?µ??a f?t?e?µ??e?t??? ?a?a?t???st???.
• ?p?te?????e µ?a p??t? t?p?p???s? t??
  f?t?e?µ??e?t???? ???s??, ? ?p??a ap?te?e? t??
  ß?s? a??pt???? e??? s?st?µat???? p?a?s??? ??a t??
  a?a?????s? t?? ?e?µ??f?? ap? ae??f?t???af?e? se
  ??a ?µpe??? s?st?µa.

11
?. ??apa??stas? t?? G??s?? se ?ß??d??? ????f??
?µpe???? S?st?µat??

• S????S ?e ß?s? a?t? t?? pa?aµet????
  a?apa??stas? t?? s?st?µat?? ?e?ta????µ?s?? ,
  a?apt?????e ??a e??????????? p?a?s?? p??
  ???s?µ?p??e? ?e?a???e? ap? t??e?? ?a?
  a?t??e?µe?a (d?µ??? ???s?) se s??d?asµ? µe
  ?a???e? pa?a????? (d?ad??ast??? ???s?) ??a t??
  f?t?e?µ??e?a ?e?µ??f?? ap? a) ta ?e?µ??f???????
  t??? ?a?a?t???st???, ß) t?? d??ta?? t??? ?a? ?)
  t?? f?s????af?a t?? pe?????? µe??t??.

12
?? e??????????? p?a?s?? ??a t?? ?e?µ??f?? ?a? t??
t?p???af???? µ??f?? (s??se?? µ?????-????)
13
??µ??? ???s?

• ???µ????µe t?? ?e?µ??f?? t?? pe?????? µe??t??.
• ???a?????µe t?? ?e?µ??f?? se ?µ?de? ap?
  t??e??-?p?t??e??. ?e?????f??µe ?ts? t?? ?????e?
  t?? ped??? se ??a ?e?a????? p?a?s?? µe ß?s? t??
  a??? t?? ???????µ???t?ta? t?? ?d??t?t?? ap? t?
  a??te?? ep?ped? (t???) st? ?at?te?? ep?ped?
  (?p?-t???) pa?????ta? ?ts? ep?p???? ep?peda
  ?ept?µ??e?a?-e?e?d??e?s??.
• ?? ?at?tat? ep?ped? t?? ?e?a????? ap?te?e?ta? ap?
  d??aµ??? a?t??e?µe?a p?? e??a? µ??? t??
  ?p?-t??e?? ?a? ta ?p??a a?t?st?????? se
  ?e?µ??f?? t?? pe?????? µe??t??.
• ??????µe t? s????? t?? ?d??t?t?? ?a? t??
  a?t?st????? t?µ?? ?? ?p??e? pe?????f??? t??
  t??e?? ?a? ta a?t??e?µe?a p?? ???s???a?
  p??????µ????.

14
Ge?µ??f??????? ?e?a???a ?e?µ??f?? 3?? t????
15
?e?a???e? ??a t?? t?p???af???? µ??f?? ?a? t??
a????ß?a??? te?t?????? ?e???e?
16
?e?a???a F?s????af???? ?e??fe?e??? (Province) ?a?
???t?t?? (section)
17
??ad??ast??? G??s?

• ? d?ad??ast??? ???s? ??e? t?? µ??f? µ?a? se????
  d?µ?? ap? ?a???e? pa?a?????. ?? ?a???e? a?t??
  s??µat????? µ?a ?e?t???? de?d???? d?µ? p??
  a?t?st???e? se ??a ß????? epa??????? p??
  pe???aµß??e? s??dedeµ????? ß??????? epa???????,
  d?µ?? d???e???? ?a? ???st???? ??s?de?
• St?? d????e?a µ?a? a?a??t?s??, ? ???st?? µp??e?
  ?a ?ate????e? t?? f?t?e?µ??e?a p??? t??
  a?a?????s? (a) ?e?µ??f?? 3?? t???? µe??????
  (ß)f?s????af???? pe??f??e?a? (?) f?s????af????
  pe??f??e?a? ap? µ?a ?e?µ??f? 3?? t???? µe??????
  (d)?e?µ??f?? 3?? t???? µe?????? ap? t??
  f?s????af??? pe??f??e?a, (e) ?e?µ??f?? 3?? t????
  µe?????? ap? t?? ?????? s?s??t?s? µe ???e?
  ?e?µ??f??.

18
?a???a? pa?a????? ??a t?? a?a?????s? µ???
f?s????af???? pe??f??e?a? t?? t?p?? Great Basin.
19
???aµ??? ??t??e?µe?a (?e?µ??f?? t?? ped???)
20
S?µp??asµa ? ?efa?a???

• ?e t?? p??te???µe?? µe??d?????a ???p??????e
  a?apa??stas? t?s? t?? d?µ???? ?s? ?a? t??
  d?ad??ast???? ???s?? ??a t?? pe????? µe??t?? st?
  ?ß??d??? ????f?? eµpe???? s?st?µat?? Nexpert
  Object.
• ?e???e?t?µata
• ? ???? ap?fas??. ??? ap? t??? p??a?e? t?? p??t??
  ?efa?a??? ?ata?????µe se ??a ?p?s????? s???????
  se ??a ?a???a pa?a????? p?? e?? a???e???? ?
  ?a???a? e??a? a????? ???a? ?? s?????e? t?? ?d???
  ?a???a ?s?d??aµe?
• H epa???e?s? t?? s??????? ßas??eta? st??
  ??a??t?ta t?? ???st? ?a ?atatµ?se? t? ped??
  ??e??a? se s???e???µ??e? ?e?µ??f?? (te?t??????
  a????ßa??? ?e???e?, ep?????? ped?a, ?e?µ??f?? 3??
  t???? ?a? ?a a?a?????se? s???e???µ??a
  f?t?e?µ??e?t??? ?a?a?t???st???.
• ??a a?t? e?s????? aßeßa??t?ta ?a? as?fe?a t?s?
  st?? ?at?tµ?s? ?s? ?a? st?? a?a?????s?. ??a a?t?
  ?a a?t?µet?p?s???? st?? s????e?a µ?sa ap?
  d?ad??as?e? p?s?t???p???s?? t?s? t?? ?at?tµ?s??
  ?s? ?a? t?? f?t?e?µ??e?t???? ?a?a?t???st????.

21
??F????? G ??s?t???? ??t?p?sµ??-??apa??stas?
??e???? ?????
??f?a?? ???µet???? ???t??? (GTOPO30) t?? ?e??????
?e??t??. ?? t?µ?? ???µ?t??? (e????st? 1005m ?a?
µ???st? 3561m) t?p?p??????a? st? d??st?µa 255
??? 0. ?s? f?te???te?? e??a? ??a e?????st???e??
t?s? µ????te?? e??a? t? ???µet?? t??.

• St???? ? e?t?p?sµ?? ?a? ? pe????af?
  f?s????af???? a?t??e?µ???? ?p?? ?? ???se???? ap?
  ??f?a?? µ??t??a ed?f???, p???e?µ???? ?a
  p?s?t???p??????? ta f?s????af??? f?t?e?µ??e?t???
  ?a?a?t???st??? st?? e??t?ta Great Basin.

22
???µet???? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? pe?????? µe??t??
23
?at?tµ?s? ß?s? t?? µet??? t?? ???s?? ?a? t??
?d?????t??
24
?at?tµ?s? µe s?µe?a sp????? t??? ?d?????te? ?a?
a???t??? ???t???? ???s? gt6?
25
S?????s? µe t?? f?s????af??? ???t? Landforms of
California and Nevada t?? ATWOOD (1895)
26
???sd????sµ?? t?? s?µe??? p?? a?????? st??
pe????? ?a? st? pe????aµµa ???e ??e????
a?t??e?µ????
27
?a?aµet???? a?apa??stas? t?? ??e???? a?t??e?µ????

• ?e ß?s? t?? e??te????? ?a? es?te?????
  a?apa?ast?se?? ??????µe
• ?e?e??? (e?tas?).
• ? ep?µ????s?.
• ? ?e???af???? p??sa?at???sµ?? t?? ?????? ????a
  t?? ß?????.
• ?es? ???µet??.
• ? t?p??? ap????s? t?? ???µ?t??? (roughness).
• ??p??? a?????f? (Hmax-Hmin).
• S?et??? ???e?µµa ???a? (aeration) p?s?? ?????
  ??e? ap?µa?????e? ap? t?? ß?s? t?? ß????? µ????
  t? ?????te?? s?µe??.
• ?µ???µ??f?a ???µ?t???. ????eta? µe ß?s? t?? s??s?
  p?? a??????e? (Mean Elevation- St.Dev. of
  Elevation)/Mean Elevation.
• ??s? ??t?? t?? ???s??

28
?fa?µ??? t?? pa?aµet????? a?apa??stas?? st??
pe????? µe??t??
29
?????? ?µad?p???s? (spatial arrangement) t??
pa?aµet????? a?apa??stas??.

• ?e a????s? s?ss??e?se?? ?-µ?s?? st?? pa?aµet????
  a?apa??stas?, ?? ??e???? ????? ?µad?p?????ta? se
  4 t??e??
• ???? 1 --gt ? µ?s? t?µ? t?? ???µ?t??? e??a? p???
  ????? a??? ?? t?µ?? t?? t?p???? a?????f?? ?a? t??
  ???s?? e??a? µeta?? t?? ?aµ???te???.
• ???? 2--gt Ta 4 µe?a??te?a se µ??e???, ta
  ?????te?a, ta p?? ep?µ??? ?a? ta ????ta µe????
  ???s? ?a? t? µ???st? µ?s? a?????f?.
• ???? 3.--gt ???a? µ????? ap?µ???µ??a ß???? ?
  µ????? d?aß??µ??e? ???se????.
• ???? 4.--gt E??a? µe?a?a se µ??e???. ? µ?s? t?µ?
  t?? ???µ?t??? e??a? ? µ????te??, ?µ?? t? t?p???
  a?????f? ?a? t? µ?s? µ?t?? t?? ???s?? ????? t??
  ?????te?e? t?µ??.

30
S?µp??asµa ?efa?a??? G

• ?? ??e???? ????? e?t?p?s???a? ep?t???? ap? t?
  GTOPO30. ?a a?t??e?µe?a p??sd????s???a? ap? µ?a
  ??f?a?? a?apa??stas? t?? ?????? a?????f?? µe ß?s?
  p?s?t??? ???t???a ?a? pa?aµ?t????.
• ? pa?aµet???? t??? a?apa??stas? ?ta? ep?t???? ?a?
  d??e? t?? d??at?t?ta ?at??????p???s?? t?? ??e????
  ????? se t??e??.
• ?a???? p?? a?t? ? p??s????s? e??a? p??
  a?t??e?µe???? af?? ?pa???e? se s???e???µ?????
  ?a???e?, ?p?????? pe?????sµ?? p?? ??t??ta? a) ap?
  t?? d?a???t??? ??a??t?ta ?a? t?? a???ße?a t??
  ??f?a??? µ??t???? ed?f??? ?a??? ?a? ß) ap? t??
  f?s? ?a? ?e?t?????a t?? a??????µ?? p??
  ???s?µ?p?????ta?.
• St?? s????e?a ?a ???e? s??des? t?? p???t???? ?a?
  p?s?t???? a?apa??stas?? t?? ??e???? ????? st??
  pe????? µe??t?? p???e?µ???? ?a ???e? p??s????s?
  t?? µ??a??sµ?? ????? ap?f?se?? t?? eµpe???? µe
  t?? ???p???s? s??????st???? ?a????? µe ß?s? t??
  pa?aµet???? pe????af? t?? ???se????.

31
S???es? µ?a? ß?s?? ???s?? ??a ta ??e???
a?t??e?µe?a µe
asaf? p??t?pa a?a?????s??

• ?a p??ß??µata
• ???????a? st?? d?µ??? ???s? (p??se????eta? µe
  e?f??se?? t?? f?s???? ???ssa? ?a?a?t????eta? ap?
  as?fe?a ?a? a???st?a),
• ? ???e??? saf??? d?ad??ast???? ???s?? (de?
  pe?????feta? ap???ta st?? ß?ß?????af?a ) ?a?
• ? a????? ?at?tµ?s?? t?? a?????f?? se d?µ????
  e??t?te?,
• a????asa? t?? ??e??a ?a p??sa?at???s?e? se µ?a
  ?ate????s? p?s?t???? e?t?p?sµ?? ?a? a?apa??stas??
  t?? st???e??? t?? ?????? a?????f??.
• St????
• ?a ???e? s??des? t?? p???t???? ?a? t?? p?s?t????
  a?apa??stas?? t?? f?t?e?µ??e????? ?a?a?t???st????
  st?? pe????? µe??t?? (?, G ?ef??a??)
• ?a ???e? p??s????s? t?? µ??a??sµ?? ?????
  ap?f?se?? t?? eµpe???? µe t?? ???p???s?
  s??????st???? ?a????? µe ß?s? t?? pa?aµet????
  pe????af? t?? a?t??e?µ???? t?? ???se???? (?, G
  ?ef??a??).

32
G??ss???????? ?etaß??t??

• ??? µ?a µetaß??t? µp??e? ?a eµpe????e? ???e?? ap?
  µ?a f?s??? ???ssa sa? t?? t?µ?? t?? t?te ?a?e?ta?
  ???ss??????? µetaß??t? (?adeh 1975) ?a?
  ?a?a?t????eta? ap? ta s????a (X,T,U,M)
• ? e??a? t? ???µa t?? µetaß??t?? (p?. µ??e???
  e??? ß?????)
• ? t? s????? t?? ?e?t???? t?µ?? (linguistic
  labels, ?p?? large, medium, small ) t??
  ???ss???????? µetaß??t??.
• U t? p?a?µat??? f?s??? ped?? (actual physical
  domain) st? ?p??? ? ???ss??????? µetaß??t?
  pa???e? t?? a???µ?t???? t?µ?? t??p?. 0km,
  100km.
• M ? ???µat???? ?a???a? (semantic rule) p??
  s??d?e? ???e ?e?t??? t?µ? st? s????? ? µe ??a
  asaf?? s????? st? U.
• ?a p?e??e?t?µata t?? ???ss???????? µetaß??t??
  e??a? ?t? e?s?µat??e? ?at? s?st?µat??? ?a?
  ???s?µ? ?p?????st??? t??p? t?? ?d??t?te? a) ?at?
  p??s????s? (approximate) ?a? t?? ß) a?a???ße?a?
  (imprecise). ?ts? e?µaste se ??s? ?a
  a?apa?ast?s??µe asaf?? pe????af?? p?? d????ta? se
  µ?a f?s??? ???ssa µe µa??µat??? p??t?pa ?a?
  µ??t??a

33
?saf?? d?a????sµ?? t?? ped??? ???sµ?? t??
???ss???????? µetaß??t?? ???µet??? st??
f?s????af??? pe??f??e?a Great Basin
34
??s?t???p???s? t?? ???ss???????? µetaß??t??
???µet??? st? ped?? ???sµ?? Great Basin
35

• ???s???e µ?a ß?s? ???s??, ? ?p??a a?t?st???e? t??
  ???ss??????? pe????af? ???se???? t??
  f?s????af???? e??t?ta? Great Basin, st??
  pa?aµet???? t??? a?apa??stas?. ?et? s?ed???eta?
  µ?a µe??d?????a ??a t?? ta????µ?s? ? ??? st??
  e??t?ta Great Basin, ??e???? a?t??e?µ???? ap?
  ???e? e??t?te?.

36
? a?a?????s? p??t?p?? a?t?st???e? ??a ded?µ??a se
?d? ???st? p??t?pa (Ross 1995).

• ?a ??a ded?µ??a e??a? ???se???? t?? e??t?ta?
  Zagros Ranges (?ran) ?a? st?? p???e?µ???
  pe??pt?s? p??pe? ?a ???s???? ta p??t?pa ?a? ?
  µe??d?????a s?????s??. Sa? µe??d?????a s?????s??
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ? µ???st?? ßa?µ?? p??s????s??
  (??a µ?t?? ?µ???t?ta? ??a asaf? d?a??sµata p??
  e??a? a?t?st???? t?? e??te????? ?a? es?te?????
  ????µ????
• Es?te???? a ? bT ?i1..n ( ai ? bi )--gtmaximum
  (a,ß asaf? d?a??sµata)
• ???te???? a ? bT ?i1..n ( ai ? bi )--gtminimum
  (?p?? ?max, ?min).
• (?,A)1 ( A?B ) ? (A?B) (?,A)2½ ( A?B )
  (A?B) ?ta? ??a ap? ta d?? µ?t?a p??s???e? t??
  µ???da t?te ta d?a??sµata ? ?a? ? e??a? ?µ??a,
  e?? ?ta? ??a ap? ta d?? µ?t?a e??a? ?s? µe t?
  µ?d?? t?te e??a? a??µ??a (Ross 1995).
• St?? pe??pt?s? p?? t? ? e??a? se??? ap?
  a???µ?t???? t?µ?? ? x1,x2, .. xm d??ad? e??a?
  ??a asaf?? d????sµa ?a? ??? µ?a se??? ap? asaf?
  s????a, t?te ? p??????µe?? s??s? µetap?pte? st??

37
???t?pa s?????s??

• ?? ???e d????sµa t?? pa?aµet????? a?ap?ast?s??
  t?? ???se???? t?? ???? p??ß??eta? st??
  ???ss??????? a?apa??stas? t?? e??t?ta? Great
  Basin ?a? µe ß?s? t? ???t???? t?? µ???st?? ßa?µ??
  s?µµet??? p??sd?????eta? t? ?a??te?? ?e?t???
  d????sµa p?? t? pe?????fe? st?? e??t?ta Great
  Basin.

38
????st?? d??at?? ßa?µ?? s?µµet???? a?? ??e???
a?t??e?µe?? st?? pe?????? µe??t?? 1 ?a? 2 t??
????.
?t? ? µ???st?? d??at?? ßa?µ?? p??s????s?? ??a
?e???e?µ??? p??t?p? e??a? p??? µ????? (s?µµet???
lt0.50) ??a ???e ??e??? a?t??e?µe?? ? µe ???a
????a de? ?p???e? ?a???a? ??aµµ???? s??d?asµ??
t?? ?e?t???? t?µ?? t?? ???ss???????? µetaß??t??
t?? e??t?ta? Great Basin ? ?p???? ?a a?t?st???e?
se??e?t??? d????sµa t?? ????.
39
??µ??e?a a?? ?e?t??? t?µ?

• s??s? µe t? µ?s? ???µet?? (mean elevation) t?
  s????? t?? ??e???? a?t??e?µ???? t?? ???? ?????
  p??? µ???? t?µ? ?a? e??a? e?t?? t?? ped???
  ???sµ?? ??a t? µ?s? ???µet?? t?? e??t?ta? Great
  Basin (ßa?µ?? s?µµet???? µ?d??).
• G?a a??et? ??e??? a?t??e?µe?a t? ?d?? ?s??e? ??a
  t? µ??e??? (diameter) af?? e??a? p??? µe?a??te?a
  se µ??e??? ap? ?t? pa?at??e?ta? st?? Great Basin.
  
• To a?????? ?s??e? ??a t? µ?s? µ?t?? t?? ???s??
  af?? ???a e??a? p??? µe?a??te?a e?? ???a e??a?
  µ????te?a (e?t?? ped??? ???sµ??_.

40
Fuzzy Rule Based Expert System

• ?p? µe??d???????? p?e???? ? ?e???a t?? asaf???
  ??????? efa?µ?st??e p???e?µ???? ?a p??sd????s?e?
  t? ped?? ???sµ?? t?? ???ss???????? µetaß??t?? t??
  e??t?ta? Great Basin (context) ?a? ?a p??ta?e?
  µ?a d?ad??as?a a?a??t?s?? t?? ep???s?? se
  s???e???µ??? ped?? ???sµ??.
• ?p? t?? ???? p?e??? ? efa?µ??? t?? µ???st??
  ßa?µ?? p??s????s?? ??a t?? a?a?????s? t?? ??e????
  a?t??e?µ???? µ????? ad?a??p??e? se ??a ßa?µ? a?t?
  t?? ?e???s?, af?? ? ßa?µ?? p??s????s?? e??a? µ?a
  µ?s? e?t?µ?s? a?e???t?ta ap? t? e?? ? ßa?µ??
  s?µµet???? se µ?a ?e?t??? t?µ? µ?a? ???ss????????
  µetaß??t?? e??a? µ?d?? (t?µ? e?t?? t?? ped???
  ???sµ?? t?? ???ss???????? µetaß??t??).
• ??? a?t? ??a t?? µ???st? ßa?µ? p??s????s?? e??e
  ?e????e? ??a ?a??????p???µ??? s?st?µa ?a?????
  pa?a????? t?te ? µ? ??a??p???s? µ?a? ?a? µ???
  s??????? (?st? mean elevation is great) ?a
  ?s?d??aµ??se µe ßa?µ? s?µµet???? µ?d?? ??a t??
  ?a???a pa?a?????.

41
S??????S??

• ?? ??e???? ????? e?t?p?s???a? ep?t???? ap? t?
  GTOPO30. ?a a?t??e?µe?a p??sd????s???a? ap? µ?a
  ??f?a?? a?apa??stas? t?? ?????? a?????f?? µe ß?s?
  p?s?t??? ???t???a ?a? pa?aµ?t????.
• ? pa?aµet???? t??? a?apa??stas? ?ta? ep?t???? ?a?
  d??e? t?? d??at?t?ta ?at??????p???s?? t?? ??e????
  ????? se t??e??.
• ?a???? p?? a?t? ? p??s????s? e??a? p??
  a?t??e?µe???? af?? ?pa???e? se s???e???µ?????
  ?a???e?, ?p?????? pe?????sµ?? p?? ??t??ta? a) ap?
  t?? d?a???t??? ??a??t?ta ?a? t?? a???ße?a t??
  ??f?a??? µ??t???? ed?f??? ?a??? ?a? ß) ap? t??
  f?s? ?a? ?e?t?????a t?? a??????µ?? p??
  ???s?µ?p?????ta?.
• E???e s??des? t?? p???t???? ?a? p?s?t????
  a?apa??stas?? t?? ??e???? ????? st?? pe?????
  µe??t?? ?a? p??s????s? t?? µ??a??sµ?? ?????
  ap?f?se?? t?? eµpe???? µe t?? ???p???s?
  s??????st???? ?a????? µe ß?s? t?? pa?aµet????
  pe????af? t?? ???se????.
• ????S

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