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ChE 414 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II

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Title: ChE 414 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II


1
ChE 414Chemical Engineering Laboratory II
Instructor Dr. C. Niu
  • September, 2006

2
  • Website http//www.engr.usask.ca/classes/CHE/414/
    index.html
  • Text ChE 414.2 Laboratory Manual
  • (available online at course website)
  • Office hours Thurs Fri 1000 a.m. 1100 a.m.
  • Rm 1C129 Eng. Bld.

3
What Labs ?
  • Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
  • Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth
  • Packed Column Pressure Drop and Flooding
  • Filtration
  • Centrifugal Pump

4
What Courses related?
  • Surge Tank CHE 413, 423
  • (process dynamics and control)
  • CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)
  • Fermentation CHE 461 (biochemical engineering)
  • Packed column CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer)
  • Filtration CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer)
  • CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)
  • Centrifugal Pump CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)

5
Develop skills in - Equipment operation -
Data recording - Analysis of the data using
academic theory - Technical report writing in
the selected typical Chem. Eng. processes
6
Marking
  • Lab performance (4X2.5)
  • Lab notebook 10
  • Technical letters (2X10)
  • Brief report 25
  • Formal report 35
  • Overall mark 100

No exam
7
  • Plagiarism is DEFINITELY NOT acceptable!
  • Copy other peoples report
  • Citing without referencing the source
  • Plagiarism results in 0 mark for the report
  • Be aware of Follow the new University of
    Saskatchewan Academic Honesty/Dishonesty
    definitions, rules and procedures
    www.usask.ca/honesty.

8
Due Date and Overdue Penalty
  • Due date
  • 2 weeks after the experiment date.
  • 10 free late hand-in days for the whole course
  • Indicate on your report when use it.
  • Penalty
  • 10 of the full marks (100) per week (2/day)
    deducted from the late reports
  • submissions will NOT be accepted after
  • Dec. 18th, 2006.

9
Requirements
  • Lab performance
  • Write-ups technical writing
  • Fundamentals of each lab

10
Lab performance
  • Be prepared for
  • Objectives
  • Theory / knowledge
  • Design of experiment
  • Parameters to be measured
  • Apparatuses, procedures and principles
  • Find out what to learn
  • Initiate the contact for the pre-lab help
  • with the demonstrators the lab coordinator

11
Lab performance
During the experiments
  • Follow the experimental procedures
  • Record observations in Lab Notebook
  • Test the validity of data and/or results
  • Pay attention to SAFETY issues
  • personnel
  • equipment

12
Write-ups / Reports
  • Technical memo
  • Brief report
  • Formal report
  • Lab notebook during the experiments

13
Write-ups / Reports
  • Evaluate
  • - understanding from the experimental labs.
  • - technical writing skills
  • Technical content academic theory, results.
  • Writing organized, neat
  • Language no grammar or typographic error
  • Communication clearly delivery

14
Write-ups / Reports
  • One student is required to hand in
  • 2 technical letters
  • 1 brief report
  • 1 formal report
  • 1 lab notebook

15
Write-ups / Reports
  • No repetition in each group for
  • formal report
  • brief report
  • technical letters

16
Write-ups / Reports
In one group, you may label the 4 labs by A, B,
C, and D in your own order. Each member of the
group should keep the same order.
17
Lab Notebook
  • No sheets of paper
  • Permanently bounded recorded
  • Briefly outline the title, apparatus,
    experimental conditions and procedures before
    labs
  • Suggest making table for recording data
  • Record clearly all original observations
  • simple calculations of data
  • MUST be examined, dated and initialed by the TAs
    before leaving the laboratory

18
Lab Notebook
  • Refer to ChE 333 class website for
  • RULES FOR LABORTORY NOTEBOOKS
  • Submit the lab notebook
  • at the end of the term for marking

19
Technical Memorandum
  • Body of text maximum two pages 
  • Introduction
  • - concise introduction of the system used
  • - a brief statement of the objectives of the
    experiment
  • - a general description of the procedure
    followed
  • Results
  • - discussions and comparison of all required
    results with values from literature
  • - equations used
  • - a brief table of results or major graphs
    attached to support the conclusions. 
  • Conclusions and recommendations
  • Sign your memo on the last page below the text

20
To From (your name, group X) Re (Lab
name) Date (of the preparation of the memo)
Your group logo (optional)
The text of memo is put here below the line.
21
ChE 414 - TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GRADE
SHEET Student ___________________________________
___ Experiment __________________________________
____ Due Date ___/___/___ Date Recd
___/___/___ Late Penalty ___
22
Formal Technical Report
  • Title page and Table of Contents
  • Abstract
  • Table of contents, table of figures, table of
    tables
  • Introduction
  • Review of theory or literature
  • Experimental Section apparatus and procedure
  • Results and Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • Nomenclature
  • Reference
  • Appendices

23
Formal Technical Report
  • Title page
  • Course number
  • Name (Your name and state the partners name)
  • Lab title
  • Prepared for (instructors name)
  • Date lab done
  • Date report due
  • Table of contents

24
Formal Technical Report
  • Abstract
  • State briefly the purpose of the investigation
  • Describe briefly how the results are obtained
  • Give all required results in a concise and
    quantitative format if possible.
  • Use words, no tables, figures and equations
  • Normally no more than 250 words.

25
Formal Technical Report
  • Introduction
  • Include information on the subject of the
    investigation and its importance in industry
  • Cite the references
  • Describe clearly the objectives of the lab.

26
Formal Technical Report
  • Literature review or theory
  • Provide sufficient theoretical background
  • to the particular experiments
  • Develop the equations or models to correlate your
    experimental data.
  • detailed derivation placed in Appendix
  • Describe how to obtain the model parameters and
    predict the particular system
  • Cite the references

27
Formal Technical Report
  • Apparatus and Experimental Procedures
  • Specify the main apparatuses used
  • make, model and use
  • Describe the procedures
  • Highlight important experimental conditions
  • Give the names of quality of the materials.
  • Make sure other people can repeat your work and
    obtain the same results if they follow your
    description.

28
Formal Technical Report
  • Results and Discussions
  • Present the significant experiment results
  • required in the Lab Manual in words and graphs.
  • State the data treatment processes and the
    outcomes.
  • Discuss the results of experiments and model
    simulations or predictions.
  • Compare your results with that in literatures if
    available.
  • Logically discuss and lead to conclusions.

29
Attention
  • Consistent format
  • The unit for every parameters in the equations
    has to be conformed.
  • Figures or Tables in the body of text
  • Titles of figures, axes, and tables
  • Briefly state the experimental conditions
  • Experimental data represented by unique symbol
    for each group of data in figures
  • Modeling curves different lines with legends
  • Show model significance when fitting models

30
error bar 95 confidence interval
Modeling the effect of IS on Cr uptakes401 mg
AWUS, 200.2 mL solution
31
Formal Technical Report
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • Conclusions should be summarized following the
    discussions.
  • Lists your suggestions on how we can improve the
    labs.

32
Formal Technical Report
  • Nomenclature
  • Completely lists the symbols that appear in your
    report, their definition and unit in a
    professional and consistent format.
  • Refer to a published paper.

33
Formal Technical Report
  • Reference
  • Completely lists every reference cited, mentioned
    or used in the text of the report in a
    professional and consistent format.
  • Follows either the number order or the
    alphabetical order.

34
Formal Technical Report
  • Reference format examples
  • In the text
  • Adams concluded that 1. However, that
    conclusion may be suspicious because 2
  • In the Reference section
  • References
  • 1. Adams, A. B. title of publication.
  • 2. Cook, H. M., Author 2,
  • Ref Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
    Research
  • or in the text
  • It was concluded ( Adams, 2001) that .
    However, that conclusion may be suspicious (Davis
    and Volesky, 2001) because (Niu, et. al., 2005)
  • References
  • Adams, A. B. year, title of publication,
    publisher, page (book)
  • Davis, T. and B. Volesky, year, title of paper,
    volume, issue, pages (paper)
  • Niu, C., M. Huang and M.Volesky, year .

35
Formal Technical Report
  • Appendices
  • Raw data (neat with tables)
  • Calculated data
  • Sample calculation (using a set of data to show
    the steps of calculations)
  • Tables and Figures

36
Brief Technical Report
  • Title page and Table of contents
  • Summary
  • a brief introduction stating the nature and
    purpose of the investigation
  • a brief explanation of the procedures and
    apparatuses a summary of all the required
    results 
  • Results and Discussion include major graphs or
    tables
  • Conclusions
  • Recommendations
  • Appendices only raw experimental data and a
    sample calculation
  • Absence of abstract, introduction,
    theory/literature review, materials and methods
    sections

37
A good report
  • Careful measurements
  • Correct calculations
  • Understanding and use of the theory or models
  • Logical discussions
  • Correct conclusions
  • Organized
  • Clarity
  • No grammar typographical errors
  • References

38
Fundamentals of labs
39
Filtration
  • A Standard Unit Operation
  • physical separation of solid particles from
    liquid or gas.
  • a porous medium fluid to pass through
  • solid particles to be retained.

Filter cake
Filter medium
Slurry flow
Filtrate
40
a filtration plant for Water Treatment
System (http//www.carrolltown.pa.us/CBMA/)
41
Filtration Theory
  • The driving force of filtration separation
  • the pressure upstream of the filter

42
Filtration
  • Objectives
  • - Determine the relationship between the
    upstream filter pressure and the flowrate
  • - Evaluate the applicability of the selected
    model
  • - Determine the model parameters
  • - Demonstrate the effect of filter aid (perlite)
    on the filtration of CaCO3 slurry
  • - Develop skills on design of a filtration
    process

43
TheoryThe upstream filter pressure P
(Pa)(Bennett and Myers, 1982) P(K1VK2)Q if
the cake is incompressibleFor constant flowrate
filtration Q, VQt, then PK1Q2tK2Q Plot
Pt, get K1 and K2 where V the volume of
filtrate collected (m3) Q the flowrate of
filtrate (m3/s)t time(s)K1 and K2
constants, highly dependent on the
characteristics of cake and filter medium,
respectively
44
  • K1 and K2 values
  • Dependent on the characteristics
  • of cake, liquid and filter medium
  • Determined by measuring
  • the upstream filter pressure P
  • as a function of time at specific Q
  • Evaluate the resistances of the cake
  • and filter medium
  • for filter design
  • theoretically predict the required driving force

45
Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth
  • Involves in Yeast growth on substrate glucose
  • Major end products
  • Ethanol beer, wine, fuel
  • yeast biomass high poundage product
    500million pounds/year

46
Yeast needed for daily life
47
Fermentation Kinetics of Yeast Growth
  • Objectives
  • - Demonstrate the yeast batch growth curve
  • - Determine the parameters of Monod equation.
  • - Calculate the yields of the products
  • - Design a fermentor for ethanol production

48
Fermentation theory(J.M. Lee, 1992)
  • C6H12O6 ? 2C2H5OH 2CO2
  • Substrate glucose
  • Microorganism yeast
  • Low oxygen concentration
  • theoretical yielded ethanol 51.1 by weight

49
Typical growth curve for microorganism cells
50
Theory cont.
51
Theory cont.
52
Theory cont.
53
Theory cont.
54
Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
(http//www.ih.navy.mil/cbf/images/SurgeTank)
  • Common problem propagation of disturbances
    between processes
  • Solution surge tank
  • Damp out the changes of the inlet flowrate
  • Deliver a steadier outlet flowrate to the
    downstream process

55
Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
  • Objectives
  • - Evaluate the applicability of selected models
    relating the outlet flowrate versus head
  • - Derive and test mathematical models for the
    transient behavior of a liquid surge tank
  • - Record the data with automatic acquisition
    system - LabVIEW

56
Surge Tank
  • Data acquisition and control a computer with
    LABVIEW Software package
  • Automation, more precise.
  • Collect data water flow rate and water head in
    the tank
  • Familiar with the software

57
Surge Tank
h the height of the liquid level in the surge
tank (head) (ft) qin the inlet water flowrate
(ft3/s) qout the outlet water flowrate
(ft3/s) A the cross sectional area (ft2).
58
Surge Tank Theory
  • Mass balance at transient period

t time (s), where the density of the liquid is
constant
59
Theory cont.
  • Flow exit a surge tank through a valve follows
  • (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.60)
  • qout h½
  • e. g. qout C1h½ (qout is linearly proportional
    to h½ )
  • qout CoC1h½
  • or
  • qout CoC1h½ C2 (h½)2 C3 (h½)3 Cn
    (h½)n
  • (ngt 1, qout is non-linearly proportional to h½
    )
  • Constant Ci is determined by fitting the above
    equations, respectively, to the experimental data
    (qout h1/2) at steady state, where qout qin.
    (Microsoft Excel)
  • Compare the fitting results of different models

60
Theory cont.
Substituting the qout in the mass balance
equation yields non-linear differential
equation
  • Solutions
  • Analytical
  • closed-form, a general picture of the process
    behavior
  • independently of the particular values of the
    input variables
  • process design and control limited to linear
    processes
  • Numerical
  • dependent on the values of the input variables.

61
Analytical Solution
  • Linearize the non-linear differential equation by
    Taylor series expansion of the non linear term
    around a point
  • (e.q. steady state) (Stephanopoulos, G., 1985,
    p.116-121)
  • Convert the differential equation to algebraic
    equation by Laplace transforming
  • (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965,
    p.13-41, 67-70)
  • Invert the transform to get h as a function of
    time
  • (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965,
    p.13-41)
  • Use this equation to describe the experimental
    data at unsteady state

62
Analytical Solution
  • For example, qout C1h½ ,
  • Linearize the non-linear differential equation
  • (Stephanopoulos, G., 1985, p.116-121)

Take the first order of Taylor series expansion
of the term qout around a point (e.q. steady
state)
Linear form
Subscript s represents the steady state.
63
Analytical Solution
Substitute the first order Taylor series
expansion of qout in the differential equation,
64
Analytical Solution
Convert the differential equation to algebraic
equation by Laplace transforming (D. R.
Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.13-41, 67-70)
is Laplace transform of derivation variable h-hs
is Laplace transform of derivation variable
qin-qin,s
s represents the Laplace function.
65
Analytical Solution
When the inlet flowrate is increased or decreased
around certain steady state
tlt0
t0
Take the transform of Qin
tlt0
t0
66
Input the time conditions,
tlt0

t0
Invert the transform, (D. R. Coughanowr and L. B.
Koppel, 1965, p.13-41)
t 0
67
Numerical Solution
Where qout CoC1h½ C2 (h½)2 C3 (h½)3 Cn
(h½)n n 1, n
  • Eularian theory (Rice, RG, 1995)

Compare the analytical model solution with the
numerical solution. Use two equations of qout
h1/2 at n1 ngt1 for all cases in this lab.
68
(No Transcript)
69
Packed Column
  • Gas-liquid counter-current flow in packed column
  • Liquid downwards flow
  • Gas upwards flow
  • Flooding conditions

70
Design Criteria
  • pressure drop caused by the resistance of
    packing to fluid flow.
  • The flood velocity an important parameter for
    gas-liquid packed column design

71
Packed Column Pressure Drop and Flooding
  • Objectives
  • - Determine the relationship of pressure drop
    and the flowrate in a packed column
  • - Evaluate the applicability of Ergun equation
    for a single gas flow system
  • - To determine the pressure drop
  • and flooding condition in a gas-liquid system

72
Packed Column
Pressure drop for a single flow through packed
bed-Ergun equation
(Treybal, R.E., 1980, P.200.)
73
Packed Column Theory
Flooding conditions for a gas-liquid flow
through packed bed (B. Miline, 1994)
Y a function of gas flowrate a, b, e constants
for a specific system. Symbol definition! Units!
74
Packed Column
  • Models are empirical equations.
  • Different models fit differential systems.
  • Evaluate the applicability of the selected model
    for the experiment system

75
Centrifugal Pump
  • The most common type of fluid mover in the
    chemical industry
  • To convert energy of a prime mover (an electric
    motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic
    energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid
    that is being pumped.

http//www.pumpworld.com/centrif1.htm
76
Centrifugal Pump
  • To determine the characteristics of a centrifugal
    pump including total head, brake horse power,
    efficiency and net positive suction power (NPSH)
    versus flowrate.
  • - To determine the size of a geometrically
    similar pump needed to pump against a total head
    of 100 feet of water at peak efficiency

77
Reference Books
C.O. Bennett J.E. Myers, "Momentum, Heat, and
Mass Transfer", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill,
1982. D.R. Coughanowr L.B. Koppel, "Process
Systems Analysis and Control", McGraw-Hill,
1965. G. Stephanopoulos, Chemical Process
Control Introduction to Theory Practice,
Prentice Hall, 1984. J.M. Lee, "Biochemical
Engineering", Prentice Hall, 1992, pp
100-152. R.E. Treybal, "Mass-Transfer
Operations", McGraw-Hill, 1980. R.S. Blicq.
"Technically-Write!", Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition,
1981. R.G. Rice, Applied Mathematics and
modeling for chemical engineers, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. 1995, pp231.
78
Other References
  • James R. Welty, Charles E. Wicks, Robert E.
    Wilson, and Gregory Rorrer, Fundamentals of
    Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th Edition,
    John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2001
  • Jaime Benitez, Principles and Modern Applications
    of Mass Transfer Operations. John Wiley and Sons,
    Inc. 2002
  • Donald R. Coughanowr, Process Systems Analysis
    and Control. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1991
  • Hans, F. Ebel, Claus Bliefert, and William E.
    Russey, The Art of Scientific Writing. 2nd
    Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2004
  • Christie J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and
    Separation Process Principles. 4th Edition,
    Prentise-Hall, Inc. 2003
  • Milne, W.E., Numerical Solution of Differential
    Equations, Wiley, NY, 1953.
  • Quinney, D., Introduction to the numerical
    solution of differential equations, research
    Studies Press, NY, 1987.
  • Have your own references to make your report
    strong!

79
Important dates
  • 19 Sep Last day to change first term
    registration.
  • 9 Oct Thanksgiving (University Closed),
  • 4 Dec Last day of classes.
  • 18 Dec Last day to hand in laboratory reports
    and laboratory notebooks for marking

80
Summary
  • Academic theory understanding
  • Lab performance
  • WRITEUPS
  • Successful!
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