ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
2
CHAPTER 9

• CHEMISTRY OF HORMONES
• DEFINITION
• CHEMICALS THAT ARE SECRETED BY CELLS INTO ECF AND
  REGULATE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF OTHER CELLS

3
CHAPTER 9

• AMINO-ACID BASED HORMONES
• PROTEINS, PEPTIDES, AND AMINES
• MOST HORMONES ARE OF THIS TYPE
• STEROIDS
• MADE FROM CHOLESTEROL
• INCLUDED GONADAL HORMONES HORMONES PRODUCED BY
  ADRENAL CORTEX
• PROSTAGLANDINS
• LOCAL HORMONES THAT ONLY AFFECT CELLS THAT ARE
  CLOSE AND ARE MADE BY PLASMA MEMBRANES

4
CHAPTER 9

• MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION
• TARGET CELLS OR ORGANS THE CELL OR TISSUE
  AFFECT BY A PARTICULAR HORMONE
• INCREASE, DECREASE RATE OF METABOLIC PROCESS
• THREE MECHANISMS

5
CHAPTER 9

• STEROID HORMONE ACTION
• Insoluble in water
• Carried in bloodstream and can diffuse easily
  into target cells
• Combine with specific receptors usually inside
  the nucleus
• Hormone-receptor complex then activates or
  inhibits specific genes

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CHAPTER 9

• NONSTEROID HORMONE ACTION (AMINO ACID BASED
  HORMONES)
• Hormone (first messenger) combines with receptor
  on exterior of target cell membrane (rest of
  proteins involved are called second messengers)
• Causes activation of G protein on interior of
  cell membrane
• G protein activates enzyme called adenylate
  cyclase

8
Hormone
GDP is similar to ADP it contains Phosphate
groups that can be removed or added things
happen when the phosphate is added
Now adenylyl cyclase is called adenylate cyclase
and is activated to do its job!
Notice that another GTP is losing a P to become
GDP that extra P is changing the GDP to GTP
notice how that changes the shape of the receptor
so that Adenylyl cyclase will now fit.
G Protein
Cell membrane
9
CHAPTER 9

• Adenylate cyclase then removes two phosphates
  from ATP creating AMP
• AMP (called cyclic AMP) activates another set of
  enzymes called protein kinases
• Transfer phosphates from ATP to specific proteins
  and converts these proteins from the inactive
  form to the active form
• Active proteins then alter various cellular
  processes the effect of the original hormone

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CHAPTER 9

• ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS
• FIRST DISCOVERED IN SEMINAL FLUID NAMED AFTER
  PROSTATE GLAND
• ACT LOCALLY VERY POTENT RELEASED IN SMALL
  AMOUNTS
• NOT STORED PRODUCED AS NEEDED DEACTIVATED
  QUICKLY
• TARGET CELL ADJACENT CELL
• ACT TO DEACTIVATE OR ACTIVATE ADENYLATE CYCLASE

12
CHAPTER 9

• WIDE VARIETY OF EFFECTS
• RELAX SMOOTH MUSCLE OF AIRWAYS, BLOOD VESSELS,
• CONTRACT SMOOTH MUSCLE OF UTERUS
• SIMULATE SECRETION OF HORMONES FROM ADRENAL
  CORTEX
• INHIBIT SECRETION OF HCl FROM STOMACH LINING
• INFLUENCE MOVEMENT OF SODIUM IONS AND WATER IN
  KIDNEYS REGULATING BLOOD PRESSURE
• POWERFUL EFFECTS ON GONADS
• CAUSE INFLAMMATION REACTION IN INJURED TISSUES

13
INJURIOUS
14
CHAPTER 9

• CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE
• Negative feedback systems
• Release is triggered by some internal or external
  stimulus
• Rising hormone levels inhibit further hormone
  release
• Most hormones are regulated in this manner

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CHAPTER 9

• POSITIVE FEED BACK MECHANISM
• STIMULUS CAUSES HORMONE RELEASE
• EFFECT OF HORMONE CAUSES ADDITIONAL HORMONE
  RELEASE

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CHAPTER 9

• THREE TYPES OF STIMULI
• HORMONAL STIMULUS
• GLANDS ARE ACTIVATED BY OTHER HORMONES RELEASED
  BY OTHER PART OF THE BODY
• EX ANTERIOR PITUITARY RELEASES TSH (THYROID
  STIMULATING HORMONE) WHICH CAUSES THE THYROID
  GLAND TO RELEASE ITS HORMONE

19
CHAPTER 9

• HUMORAL STIMULUS
• CHANGING BLOOD LEVELS OF CERTAIN IONS AND
  NUTRIENTS STIMULATE HORMONE RELEASE
• EX PTH (PARATHYROID HORMONE) RELEASE IS
  INITIATED BY DECREASING BLOOD CALCIUM ION LEVELS

20
CHAPTER 9

• NEURAL STIMULUS
• NERVE FIBERS DIRECTLY STIMULATE GLAND CELLS TO
  RELEASE HORMONE
• EX SYMPATHETIC NERVES STIMULATE ADRENAL MEDULLA
  TO RELEASE NOREPINEPHRINE AND EPINEPHRINE DURING
  TIMES OF STRESS

21
CHAPTER 9

• HYPOTHALAMUS
• HORMONES
• Somatostatin
• Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
• Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
• Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
• Prolactin inhibiting hormone(PIH)

22
CHAPTER 9

• SOMATOSTATIN
• TARGET ORGAN ANTERIOR PITUITARY (PRIMARY
  TARGET) DIGESTIVE TRACT PANCREAS
• ACTION INHIBITS RELEASE OF GROWTH HORMONE
  INHIBITS RELEASE OF DIGESTIVE HORMONES INHIBITS
  RELEASE OF PANCREATIC HORMONES
• GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)
• TARGET ORGAN ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• ACTION INITIATES RELEASE OF GROWTH HORMONE

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CHAPTER 9

• THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)
• TARGET CELL ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• ACTION CAUSES RELEASE OF THYROID-RELEASING
  HORMONE
• GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GRH)
• TARGET CELL ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• ACTION CAUSES RELEASE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE
  FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

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CHAPTER 9

• PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE (PRH)
• TARGET ORGAN ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• ACTION CAUSES RELEASE OF PROLACTIN
• PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE (PIH)
• TARGET ORGAN ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• ACTION INHIBITS RELEASE OF PROLACTIN

25
CHAPTER 9

• CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)
• TARGET ORGAN ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• ACTION CAUSES RELEASE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
  HORMONE
• HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY ARE CONNECTED
  BY A DIRECT BLOOD SUPPLY capillaries of
  hypothalamus are drained by veins which empty
  into the capillaries of the anterior pituitary

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CHAPTER 9
27
CHAPTER 9

• PITUITARY GLAND
• POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
• OXYTOCIN
• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
• ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
• GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
• THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
• FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
• LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
• ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
• PROLACTIN
• MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)

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CHAPTER 9

• HORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY
• OXYTOCIN
• TARGET ORGAN UTERUS, MAMMARY GLANDS
• ACTION CAUSES UTERINE CONTRACTIONS OF LABOR
  MILK EJECTION (LET-DOWN REFLEX) DURING BREAST
  FEEDING
• One of few positive feedback mechanisms in body

29
CHAPTER 9

• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
• TARGET ORGAN KIDNEY
• ACTION CAUSES NEPHRON TO REABSORB MORE WATER
• ALSO CALLED VASOPRESSIN

30
CHAPTER 9

• ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
• TARGET ORGAN SKELETAL MUSCLES, LONG BONES, LIVER
• ACTION CAUSES CELL ENLARGEMENT AND DIVISION
  INCREASES THE RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS,
  DECREASES RATE AT WHICH CELLS UTILIZE
  CARBOHYDRATES INCREASE RATE AT WHICH CELLS USE
  FATS

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TOO MUCH GROWTH HORMONE
33
CHAPTER 9

• PROLACTIN
• TARGET ORGAN MAMMARY GLANDS
• ACTION MILK PRODUCTION
• THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
• TARGET ORGAN THYROID
• ACTION STIMULATES GROWTH OF THYROID GLAND,
  STIMULATES RELEASE OF THYROID HORMONES

34
CHAPTER 9

• ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
• TARGET ORGAN ADRENAL CORTEX
• ACTION CAUSES MANUFACTURE AND RELEASE OF ADRENAL
  CORTEX HORMONES
• FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
• TARGET ORGAN GONADS
• ACTION MALES STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF
  SPERM FEMALES GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
  FOLLICLES IN OVARIES SECRETION OF ESTROGENS

35
CHAPTER 9

• LUTEINIZING HORMONE(LH)
• TARGET ORGAN GONADS
• ACTION MALES FEMALES PROMOTES SECRETION OF
  SEX HORMONES ESSENTIAL FOR EGG RELEASE IN OVARY

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CHAPTER 9

• MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)
• TARGET CELL MELANOCYTES IN SKIN
• ACTION CAUSES PRODUCTION OF MELANIN

38
PROBLEM WITH MELANIN PRODUCTION
39
CHAPTER 9

• BRAIN
• SEROTONIN
• TARGET CELL BRAIN
• ACTION regulation of anger, aggression, body
  temperature, mood, sleep, vomiting, sexuality,
  and appetite.

40
CHAPTER 9

• THYROID HORMONES
• THYROXINE(T4) TRIIODOTHYRONINE(T3)
• TARGET ORGAN ALL CELLS
• ACTION INCREASE RATE AT WHICH ALL CELLS RELEASE
  ENERGY FROM CARBS, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS
• CALCITONIN
• TARGET ORGAN OSTEOCLASTS OSTEOBLASTS
• ACTION LOWER CALCIUM PHOSPHATE IONS IN BLOOD
  OSTEOCLASTS INHIBITS BONE-DESTROYING ACTIVITY
  OSTEOBLASTS STIMULATES BONE FORMING ACTIVITY

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TOO MUCH THYROID ACTIVITY
JENNIFER WILBANKS RUNAWAY BRIDE GRAVES DISEASE
GOITER CAN USUALLY BE TREATED BY SMALL DOSE OF
IODINE INCREASED IN DIET
SEVERE FORM OF GRAVES DISEASE
43
CHAPTER 9

• PARATHYROID GLAND
• PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
• TARGET ORGAN BONES, KIDNEYS INTESTINES
• ACTION INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM DECREASES BLOOD
  PHOSPHATE ION STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS INHIBITS
  OSTEOBLASTS CALCIUM REABORPTION BY NEPHRON
  INHIBITS PHOSPHATE REABSORPTION IN NEPHRON
  CAUSES KIDNEYS TO ACTIVATE VITAMIN D WHICH
  PROMOTES CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN THE INTESTINES

44
CHAPTER 9
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CHAPTER 9

• RIGHT ATRIUM
• ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP)
• TARGET ORGAN KIDNEY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS OF
  BLOOD VESSELS ADRENAL CORTEX
• ACTION CAUSES DECREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE BY
  DECREASING SODIUM REABSORPTION IN NEPHRON
  INHIBITS ALDOSTERONE PRODUCTION INHIBITS
  RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN MECHANISM CAUSES VASODILATION
  IN BLOOD VESSELS BY RELAXING SMOOTH MUSCLES

47
ANP is released in response to atrial stretch and
also inhibits the synthesis and release of
aldosterone, and inhibits renin production
48
CHAPTER 9

• ADRENAL CORTEX
• OUTSIDE PORTION OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

49
CHAPTER 9

• ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES
• CORTISOL
• TARGET ORGANPRIMARILY LIVER AND ADIPOSE CELLS
  BUT CAN AFFECT ALL CELLS TO A DEGREE
• ACTION INHIBITS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS WHICH
  INCREASES AMINO ACIDS IN BLOOD INCREASES RELEASE
  OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE WHICH INCREASES THE
  USE OF FATTY ACIDS AND DECREASES THE USE OF
  GLUCOSE AS ENERGY SOURCE STIMULATES THE
  SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSE FROM LIVER RESERVES
• END RESULT INCREASE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE
• GLUCOCORTICOID AFFECTS GLUCOSE METABOLISM

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CHAPTER 9
HYPOTHALAMUS

• MANY STRUCTURES HORMONES INVOLVED IN RELEASING
  CORTISOL
• HYPOTHALAMUS (TRH) ANTERIOR PITUITARY (TSH)
  THYROID (T3 T4) ADRENAL CORTEX

TRH
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
TSH

• THYROID

T3
ADRENAL CORTEX
CORTISOL
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CHAPTER 9

• ADRENAL CORTEX
• ALDOSTERONE
• TARGET ORGAN KIDNEY
• ACTION INCREASES BLOOD VOLUME INCREASES BLOOD
  PRESSURE BY INCREASING REABSORPTION OF SODIUM IN
  NEPHRON AND SECRETION OF POTASSIUM
• MINERALCORTICOID REGULATES MINERAL ELECTROLYTES
  (SODIUM AND POTASSIUM)
• ACTH (FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY) MUST BE PRESENT AS
  WELL AS CRH FROM HYPOTHALAMUS (IT CAUSES ACTH
  RELEASE)

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CHAPTER 9

• DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE (DHEA)
• ALSO PRODUCED BY BRAIN, SKIN, GONADS AND ADIPOSE
  TISSUE
• MOST ABUNDANT HORMONE
• MADE FROM CHOLESTEROL AND IS THE PRECURSOR TO
  ANDROGENS AND ESTROGENS

53
CHAPTER 9

• MALE HORMONES (ANDROGENS)
• TARGET ORGAN GONADS
• ACTION SUPPLEMENT SEX HORMONES SECRETED BY
  GONADS (JUST AN ADDITIONAL AMOUNT WHEN NEEDED)
  MAY BE CONVERTED TO ESTROGENS
• FEMALE HORMONES (ESTROGENS)
• TARGET ORGAN SKIN, LIVER, ADIPOSE BONE
• ACTION DECREASE IN ADIPOSE TISSUE PROMOTES BONE
  GROWTH PROMOTE LIVER REGENERATION AID IN
  PRESERVATION OF SKIN HEALTH BY REGULATION OF
  LEVELS OF CYTOKINE (IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENT)

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CHAPTER 9
55
CHAPTER 9

• ADRENAL MEDULLA
• ADRENALINE(EPINEPHRINE)
• TARGET ORGAN HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, RESPIRATORY
  PASSAGES BRAIN LIVER
• ACTION INCREASES HEART RATE, INCREASES FORCE OF
  CONTRACTION SOME INCREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
  SKELETAL MUSCLE BLOOD VESSELS VASODILATE AIRWAYS
  DILATE RETICULAR FORMATION OF BRAIN ACTIVATED
  INCREASES BLOOD SUGAR DUE TO LIVER BREAKDOWN OF
  GLYCOGEN

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CHAPTER 9

• NORADRENALINE(NOREPINEPHRINE)
• TARGET ORGAN HEART, BLOOD VESSELS
• ACTION INCREASES HEART RATE FORCE OF
  CONTRACTION INCREASES INCREASES BLOOD FLOW TO
  SKELETAL MUSCLES GREAT INCREASE IN BLOOD
  PRESSURE LITTLE EFFECT ON BLOOD GLUCOSE

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CHAPTER 9

• ANAPHYLAXIS
• RESULTS FROM SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTION
• SYMPTOMS
• Hives
• Swelling of the throat, lips, tongue, or around
  the eyes
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• POTENTIALLY LIFE THREATENING

58
CHAPTER 9

• EpiPen
• is an auto-injector that administers
  epinephrineand epinephrine is the definitive
  emergency treatment for severe allergic
  reactions.
• Epinephrine reverses the symptoms temporarily
  until medication attention can be given

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CHAPTER 9

• KIDNEY
• ERYTHROPOIETIN
• TARGET ORGAN BONE MARROW
• ACTION RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
• CALCITRIOL (ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D)
• TARGET ORGAN DIGESTIVE TRACT
• ACTION INCREASES ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM

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PANCREAS
61
CHAPTER 9

• PANCREAS
• POSTERIOR TO STOMACH
• PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLET OF LANGERHAUS)
• GROUPS OF CELLS SURROUNDING A BLOOD VESSEL
• THREE TYPES OF CELLS
• ALPHA SECRETE GLUCAGON
• BETA SECRETE INSULIN
• DELTA SECRETE SOMATOSTATIN

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EXOCRINE PART OF PANCREAS (PRODUCES DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES AND RELEASES THEM INTO DUCTS
63
CHAPTER 9

• PANCREAS
• INSULIN
• TARGET ORGAN LIVER CARDIAC MUSCLE SKELETAL
  MUSCLE ADIPOSE TISSUE
• ACTION DECREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE PROMOTES PROTEIN
  SYNTHESIS STIMULATES ADIPOSE CELLS TO SYNTHESIS
  AND STORE FAT
• GLUCAGON
• TARGET ORGAN LIVER
• ACTION INCREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE
• SOMATOSTATIN SAME HORMONE AS MENTIONED BEFORE

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CHAPTER 9

• PINEAL GLAND
• LOCATED DEEP BETWEEN CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
• ATTACHED TO UPPER PORTION OF THALAMUS NEAR ROOF
  OF THIRD VENTRICLE

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CHAPTER 9

• PINEAL GLAND
• MELATONIN SYNTHESIZED FROM SEROTONIN SECRETION
  IS CONTROLED BY VARIOUS PATTERNS OF LIGHT/DARK
  ENVIRONMENTS ABSENCE OF LIGHT STIMULUS IN EYES
  CAUSES INCREASE IN MELATONIN RELEASE
• TARGET ORGAN BRAIN NEURONS
• ACTION CONTROLS CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS SLEEP/WAKE
  CYCLES AND OTHER PATTERNS OF REPEATED ACTIVITY
  ASSOCIATED WITH DAY/NIGHT CYCLES

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CHAPTER 9

• LIVER
• INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR (SOMATOMEDIN)
• TARGET ORGAN MOST CELLS
• ACTION CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION INHIBITOR
  OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
• ANGIOTENSIN
• TARGET ORGAN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF BLOOD VESSELS
  ADRENAL CORTEX
• ACTION VASOCONSTRICTION RELEASE OF ALDOSTERONE

68
CHAPTER 9

• LIVER
• THROMBOPOIETIN
• TARGET CELL BONE MARROW
• ACTION STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF PLATELETS

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CHAPTER 9

• THYMUS GLAND
• LOCATED IN THE MEDIASTINUM
• POSTERIOR TO THE STERNUM
• SHRINKS WITH AGE

71
CHAPTER 9

• THYMUS
• THYMOSIN
• TARGET ORGAN STEM CELLS FROM LIVER OR BONE
  DESIGNATED AS PREDETERMINED T-CELLS
• ACTION CAUSES MATURATION OF T-CELLS

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CHAPTER 9

• STOMACH
• GASTRIN
• TARGET ORGAN PARIETAL CELLS OF STOMACH
• ACTION CAUSES SECRETION OF HCL INTRINSIC
  FACTOR
• GHRELIN
• TARGET ORGAN HYPOTHALAMUS
• ACTION RELEASE OF GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING
  HORMONE STIMULATES APPETITE

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CHAPTER 9

• DUODENUM
• SECRETIN FIRST HORMONE EVER DISCOVERED
• TARGET ORGAN PANCREAS
• ACTION STIMULATES PANCREAS TO SECRETE A FLUID
  CONTAINING HIGH CONCENTRATION OF BICARBONATE IONS
• CHOLECYSTOKININ
• TARGET ORGAN PANCREASE STOMACH GALL BLADDER
• ACTION CAUSES PANCREASE TO RELEASE DIGESTIVE
  ENZYMES DECREASES STOMACH MOTILITY CAUSES
  RELEASE OF BILE FROM GALLBLADDER

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CHAPTER 9

• DUODENUM
• SOMATOSTATIN
• TARGET ORGAN STOMACH
• ACTION INHIBITS RELEASE OF GASTRIC JUICE
• SEROTONIN
• TARGET CELLS BRAIN
• ACTION REGULATION OF HUNGER
• MOTILIN
• TARGET CELLS STOMACH
• ACTION INCREASED MOTILITY RELEASE OF PEPSIN

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CHAPTER 9

• ADIPOSE TISSUE
• ADIPONECTIN
• TARGET CELL SKELETAL MUSCLE ADIPOSE TISSUE
• ACTION DECREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE PROMOTES INSULIN
  INSENSITIVITY CAUSES LIPID CATABOLISM
  (BREAKDOWN)
• LEPTIN
• TARGET CELL HYPOTHALAMUS
• ACTION CAUSES SENSATION OF SATIETY (HAD ENOUGH
  TO EAT)

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CHAPTER 9

• OVARIES
• ESTROGEN (ALSO PRODUCED IN SMALLER AMOUNTS IN
  ADRENAL CORTEX)
• TARGET ORGAN OVARIES HYPOTHALAMUS
• ACTION PROMOTE GROWTH OF FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS
  TRIGGERS LH RELEASE FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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CHAPTER 9

• PROGESTERONE
• TARGET ORGAN UTERUS MAMMARY GLANDS
• ACTION PROMOTES UTERUS CONDITION FOR PREGNANCY
  INHIBITS LACTATION
• WORKS WITH ESTROGEN TO PRODUCE COMPLETE MENTRUAL
  CYCLE

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CHAPTER 9

• ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (PRODUCED ONLY AFTER
  PUBERTY)
• TARGET ORGAN OVARY
• ACTION FORMATION OF FOLLICLES
• INHIBIN PLAYS A ROLE IN REGULATING MENSTRUAL
  CYCLE
• TARGET CELL PITUITARY GLAND
• ACTION INHIBITS FSH

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CHAPTER 9

• OVARY/TESTES
• RELAXIN
• TARGET CELL HEART, SMOOTH MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE
  TISSUE. CNS, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• ACTION INHIBITS COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS AND INITIATES
  COLLAGEN BREAKDOWN
• ANIT-MULLERIAN HORMONE SAME HORMONE DIFFERENT
  RESULTS
• INHIBIN SAME HORMONE DIFFERENT RESULTS

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CHAPTER 9

• TESTES
• TESTOSTERONE
• TARGET ORGAN PRIMARILY TESTES BUT CAN BE TAKEN
  UP BY ALL CELLS
• ACTION MALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
  growth of muscle mass and strength, increased
  bone density and strength, and stimulation of
  linear growth and bone maturation
• ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (SECRETED BY Sertoli cells
  of the testes during embryogenesis)
• TARGET ORGAN TESTES
• ACTION INHIBITS THE FORMATION OF MULLERIAN DUCTS
  (AND PREVENTS FORMATION OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
  ORGANS)

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CHAPTER 9

• TESTES
• INHIBIN
• TARGET CELL PITUITARY GLAND
• ACTION INHIBITS FSH

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CHAPTER 9

• PLACENTA
• HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
• TARGET ORGAN CORPUS LUTEUM OF OVARY
• ACTION PREVENT DISINTEGRATION OF THE CORPUS
  LUTEUM SO THAT PROGESTERONE LEVELS DO NOT DROP
• HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN
• TARGET ORGAN ALL CELLS
• ACTION SIMILAR TO THAT OF GROWTH HORMONE

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• WHAT CAUSES YOU TO BE STRESSED?
• HOW DO YOU RELIEVE STRESS?

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CHAPTER 9

• STRESS AND ITS AFFECTS
• STRESSOR FACTOR CAPABLE OF STIMULATING A CHANGE
  IN THE BODYS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
• MAY BE PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL OR BOTH
• PHYSICAL STRESS THREATENS TISSUE
• EXTREME HEAT, EXTREME COLD
• DECREASED OXYGEN LEVELS
• INFECTION, INJURY
• LOUD SOUNDS

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CHAPTER 9

• PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
• THOUGHTS ABOUT REAL OR IMAGINED DANGERS, PERSONAL
  LOSSES, UNPLEASANT SOCIAL INTERACTIONS,
  THREATENING FACTORS
• FEELINGS OF ANGER, FEAR, GRIEF, ANXIETY,
  DEPRESSION OR GUILT
• CAN STEM FROM PLEASANT STIMULI SUCH AS FRIENDLY
  SOCIAL CONTACT, FEELINGS OF JOY OR HAPPINESS OR
  SEXUAL AROUSAL

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CHAPTER 9

• HYPOTHALAMUS
• CONTROLS RESPONSE TO STRESS
• RECEIVES STIMULI FROM MANY PARTS OF THE BODY
• RESPONDS TO STRESS BY ACTIVATING THE FIGHT OR
  FLIGHT RESPONSE

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CHAPTER 9

• FIGHT OR FLIGHT
• RAISE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
• RAISE BLOOD FATTY ACID LEVELS
• RAISE HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, RESPIRATION
  RATE
• SHUNTS BLOOD FROM SKIN DIGESTIVE ORGANS TO
  SKELETAL MUSCLES (SO YOU CAN RUN!)
• INCREASES SECRETION OF EPINEPHRINE FROM ADRENAL
  MEDULLA

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CHAPTER 9

• ALSO INCREASES RELEASE OF CRH (CORTIOCOTROPIN
  RELEASING HORMONE)
• CAUSES RELEASE OF ACTH FROM ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• CAUSES RELEASE OF CORTISOL FROM ADRENAL CORTEX
• DIVERTS GLUCOSE FROM MUSCLE TO BRAIN

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CHAPTER 9

• LIFE SPAN CHANGES
• ENDOCRINE GLANDS DECREASE IN SIZE AND ACTIVITY
  CHANGES AS WE AGE
• GROWTH HORMONE DECREASES LOSE STRENGTH
• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE INCREASES
• THYROID THYMUS SHRINK CONSIDERABLY

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CHAPTER 9

• BIGGEST CHANGE IS IN BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION
• PANCREAS CANNOT MAINTAIN LEVELS OF INSULIN
• CELLS MAY DEVELOP INSULIN RESISTANCE (MEANING
  CELLS CANNOT TAKE UP INSULIN)
• TYPICAL HORMONAL SURGE THAT HAPPENS AT NIGHT
  LESSENS

94
CAN WE TURN BACK TIME?
95
THE GOLDBERGS1977- PRESENT
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