Role of Maturation versus and Experience

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FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL THEMES

• Role of Maturation versus and Experience
• The Active Versus Passive Role of the Child
• The Role of Stages
• The Breadth of Focus

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Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Psychosexual Stage
Approximate Age
Description
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Birth - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 6 years 6
- 12 years 12 - adulthood
The mouth is the focus of stimulation and
interaction feeding and weaning are
central. The anus is the focus of stimulation
and interaction elimination and toilet training
are central. The genitals (penis, clitoris, and
vagina) are the focus of stimulation gender role
and moral development are central. A period of
suspended sexual activity energies shift to
physical and intellectual activities. The
genitals are the focus of stimulation with the
onset of puberty mature sexual relationships
develop.
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ERIKSONS PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES

• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Intimacy v. Isolation
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Birth 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 6 years 6 - 12
years (Latency Period) 12 - 19 years
(Adolescence) 19 25 years (Early
Adulthood) 25 50 years (Adulthood) 50 years
and older
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Illustration of Classical Conditioning
BEFORE CONDITIONING
(A) Place a nipple in baby's mouth
Touch of nipple (US) elicits gt
Sucking reflex (UR)
(B) Show baby a bottle with a nipple
Sight of bottle elicits gt No
sucking (UR) with nipple (CS)
DURING CONDITIONING
(C) Show baby the a bottle and place its nipples
in baby's mouth. Repeat a number of times
Touch of nipple (US) elicits gt
Sucking reflex (UR)
(paired with)
Sight of bottle elicits gt
Sucking reflex (UR) with nipple (CS)
AFTER CONDITIONING
(D) Show baby the bottle with nipple
Sight of bottle elicits gt
Sucking reflex (UR) with nipple (CS)
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Rate of response
Increases
Decreases
Positive punishment (Decreases behavior by
delivering an aversive stimulus) Example Toddle
r throws toys Father yells, "Stop it"
Positive reinforcement (Increases behavior by
delivering a desired stimulus) Example Infant
says, "cookie Mother gives praise
Delivered
Response leads stimulus to be
Negative punishment (Decreases behavior by
removing a desired stimulus) Example Teenager
out past curfew Parent grounds teenager
Negative reinforcement (Increases behavior by
removing an aversive stimulus) Example Child
cleans messy room Parent stops "nagging"
Withdrawn
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PIAGETS COGNITIVE STAGES
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete
Operational Formal Operational
Birth - 2 years 2 7 years 7 11
years 11 years - adulthood
Child develops schemes primarily through sense
and motor activities Child can think
symbolically holds egocentric view of the
world Child becomes able to manipulate logical
relationships among concepts but only by
generalizing from concrete experiences Child is
able to deal with abstractions, form hypotheses,
solve problems systematically
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PIAGETS COGNITIVE STAGES
PIAGETS BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete
Operational Formal Operational
Birth - 2 years 2 7 years 7 11
years 11 years - adulthood
Child develops schemes primarily through sense
and motor activities Child can think
symbolically holds egocentric view of the
world Child becomes able to manipulate logical
relationships among concepts but only by
generalizing from concrete experiences Child is
able to deal with abstractions, form hypotheses,
solve problems systematically

• SCHEME Organized pattern of thought or behavior
• ASSIMILATION Person interprets new ideas or
  experiences to fit existing schemes
• ACCOMODATION Person changes existing schemes to
  fit new ideas or experiences
• ADAPTION Interplay between assimilation and
  accomodation, resulting in development
• EQUILIBRIUM Harmonious balance of a persons
  schemes and experiences with the environment

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An Information-Processing Model of Learning
Control processes
Environmental stimuli (input)
Rehearsal
Attention
Sensory register (SR)
Long-term memory (LTM)
Short-term memory (STM)
Organization
Recognition
Meaningfulness
Response (output)
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