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MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: Emotional and social development

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Title: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: Emotional and social development


1
Chapter 16
  • MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Emotional and social
    development

2
Theories of Self in Transition
  • Maturity and Self-Concept
  • Maturity capacity to undergo continual change
    in order to adapt successfully and cope flexibly
    with the demands and responsibilities of life.
  • Self-Concept The view we have of ourselves
    through time as the real me.

3
Stage Models
  • Generativity versus stagnation (Erikson)
  • The concern in establishing and guiding the next
    generation.

4
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5
Peck
  • Robert Pecks 4 tasks at midlife
  • Valuing wisdom versus valuing physical powers
  • Socializing vs. sexualizing
  • Cathectic flexibility v cathectic impoverishment
  • Mental flexibility v mental rigidity

6
Trait Models
  • Behavioral traits that constitute the core of
    personality extraversion, neuroticism,
    openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness.

7
Situational Models
  • Behavior as the outcome of the characteristics of
    the situation in which the person is momentarily
    located.

8
Interactionist Models
  • Behavior is always a joint product of the person
    and the situation.

9
Gender and Personality at Midlife
  • Levinsons Theory of Male Midlife Development
  • Midlife transition (40-45)
  • Entry life structure for middle adulthood (45-50)
  • Age 50 transition(50-55)
  • Culminating life structure for middle adulthood
    (55-60)
  • Late adult transition (60-65)

10
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11
Levinsons Theory of Womens Midlife Development
  • Primarily Homemakers
  • Women center lives in domestic sphere
  • Traditional Marriage
  • The women are homemakers and the men are
    provisioners
  • Single Successful Career Woman
  • Afraid of single stigma

12
Women
  • Midlife Transition Career Woman
  • Compromise of work and family

13
Women
  • Ravenna Helson and the Mills Longitudinal Study
    Subjects at Midlife
  • Women Turmoil in 40s, stability by 52
  • Men greatest productivity after 50
  • Homemaker women adjustments with empty nest.
  • Blue collar workers both genders time of decline

14
Women
  • Continuity and Discontinuity in Gender
    Characteristics
  • Men and women move in opposite directions across
    the life span with respect to assertive and
    aggressiveness.
  • Unisex pattern emerges in later life.

15
Personality
  • Personality Continuity and Discontinuity
  • Sandwich generation responsibilities for aging
    parents and minor children bridge across
    generations.

16
The Social Milieu
  • Familial Relations
  • Married Couples
  • (Lauer and Lauer) Successful couples
  • Positive attitude toward ones spouse
  • Marriage is a long-term commitment and a sacred
    institution.

17
Extramarital Sexual Relations
  • Sex not the lure for EMS.
  • Loneliness, emotional excitement, and wanting to
    prove still young.

18
Separation and Divorce
  • College-educated wives less risk
  • Married young higher risk
  • Longer a marriage survives less risk
  • Larger family, own home less risk
  • Wifes economic independence higher risk
  • Empty nest transition impacts marital stability

19
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20
Life as a Single
  • Displaced Homemaker a woman whose primary
    activity has been homemaking and who has lost her
    main source of income because of divorce from or
    death of husband.

21
Remarriage
  • 6 of every 10 divorced men remarry.
  • 3 of every 4 divorced women remarry.
  • Men more likely to remarry larger pool

22
Stepfamilies
  • 60 of remarrieds are parents.
  • More than one-third of children will live in
    stepfamily before they are 18.
  • The more complex the social system the greater
    opportunity for conflict.
  • Opportunity for positive adaptation.

23
Adult Children and Grandchildren
  • Empty nest period of life when children have
    grown up and leave home.
  • Empty-nest syndrome a parent who has found her
    or his meaning in life primarily in the children
    often experiences a profound sense of loss when
    children are gone.
  • Adjustment is gradual.

24
Caring for Elderly Parents
  • Daughters and daughters-in-law face most
    pressures.
  • Best scenario financially independent
    generations with separate residences.

25
Friendships
  • Friendships play a vital part in happiness and
    health.
  • Women in midlife have more friends.
  • Men have more acquaintances.
  • Women maintain family contacts, and friendships
    take up where marriages leave off.

26
The Workplace
  • Job Satisfaction
  • Alienation a pervasive sense of powerlessnes,
    meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation and
    self-estrangement.

27
Job Burnout
  • The inability to gain a sense of
    self-actualization in their work.
  • Older people more satisfied with jobs than
    younger people.

28
Midlife Career Change
  • Half of Americans polled had switched jobs at
    least once and 43 said a future switch was
    likely.

29
Unemployment and Forced Early Retirement
  • Unemployment has adverse effects on physical and
    mental health
  • Stages of behavioral and emotional reactions to
    unemployment
  • Shock, relief, relaxation
  • Concerted effort to find new job
  • Self-esteem begins to crumble
  • Resignation and withdrawal conscious decision to
    change careers

30
Dual-Earner Couples
  • 61 of married couples are dual earners.
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