What can Social Science Contribute to Neighbourhood renewal Indices of Multiple Deprivation for Sout

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What can Social Science Contribute to
Neighbourhood renewal?Indices of Multiple
Deprivation for South Africa

• Professor Michael Noble
• University of Oxford
• Centre for the Analysis of South African Social
  Policy (CASASP)

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The Role of Indices of Multiple Deprivation in
Neighbourhood Renewal

• Policies for Neighbourhood Renewal have as a
  pre-requisite that areas in need of re-generation
  need to be rigorously identified
• At Oxford weve developed Indices for England (x2
  3rd underway), Scotland (x1), Wales (x1),
  Northern Ireland (x2)
• In South Africa Urban Development Programme
  Integrated Rural Development Programme identified
  by informed opinion not evidence
• Provincial Indices of Multiple Deprivation
  launched March 2006

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Collaborators

• Statistics South Africa
• Human Sciences Research Council

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Outline

• The model of multiple deprivation
• Brief description of the PIMD and component
  domains
• Domain and indicator issues
• Brief description of the methodology
• Findings
• Next Steps

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Model of Multiple Deprivation

• Deprivation is multi-dimensional and multiple
  deprivation can be conceptualised as the
  combination of individual dimensions or domains
  of deprivation.
• The individual domains must be identified and
  carefully defined.
• Indicators are selected for each domain which are
  the best possible direct measures of that
  dimension of deprivation.
• The indicators are combined to create an overall
  relative measure of that dimension of deprivation.

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Data Source

• 2001 Census
• Code developed on 10 SAR
• Code passed to Stats SA who ran it on 100 Census
• Run at ward level

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The Domains

• Income and Material deprivation
• Employment deprivation
• Health deprivation
• Education deprivation
• Living Environment deprivation

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The Income/Material Deprivation Domain

• This domain aims to capture the proportions of
  the population experiencing income/material
  deprivation in an area.
• Numerator Number of people experiencing one or
  more of the following
• Living in a household that has a household
  equivalent income below R10,189 pa (R850 per
  month)
• Living in a household without a refrigerator
• Living in a household with neither a TV nor a
  radio.
• Denominator Total population (excluding
  institutions)

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The Employment Domain

• This domain measures employment deprivation
  conceptualised as involuntary exclusion of the
  working age population from the world of work
• Numerator Number of people who are
• Unemployed (using official definition i.e. did
  not work in 7 days prior to Census night, wanted
  to work and available to start within a week, had
  taken active steps to find work or start some
  form of self-employment in previous 4 weeks)
  plus
• Not working because of illness or disability
• Denominator Total economically active
  population (15-65 year olds incl.) people not
  working because of illness or disability

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The Health Domain

• This domain identifies areas with relatively
  high rates of people who die prematurely
• Years of Potential Life Lost

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The Education Domain

• The purpose of the domain is to capture the
  extent of deprivation in education qualifications
  in a local area
• Numerator Number of 18-65 year olds (inclusive)
  experiencing the following
• No schooling at secondary level or above
• Denominator Number of 18-65 year olds
  (inclusive) excluding institutions.

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The Living Environment

• The purpose of this domain is to identify
  deprivation relating to the poor quality of the
  living environment.
• Numerator Number of people experiencing one or
  more of the following
• No access to a telephone
• No piped water inside their dwelling or in their
  yard
• No use of electricity for lighting
• Living in households that are shacks
• Living in households without a pit latrine with
  ventilation or flush toilet
• Living in households with two or more persons per
  room.
• Denominator Total population (excluding
  institutions)

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Methodology

• Dealing with small numbers (shrinkage estimation
  in health domain)
• Combining the indicators to create domain scores
• Combining the domain scores into an Index of
  Multiple Deprivation

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Combining the domains into PIMD

• Domain scores were standardised by ranking
• The ranks were then transformed to an exponential
  distribution
• Properties of the exponential
• Spreads out the 25 most deprived wards
• eliminates implicit weights and thus controls
  cancellation between domains

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Provincial Geography(2001 Census)

• Wards were deleted if they were situated in
  District Management Areas or if they had very
  small populations.

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Limitations of PIMD

• Uneven Ward geography

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Variation in Ward Size
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Limitations of PIMD

• Uneven Ward geography
• Not up to date or updateable
• Domains of deprivation limited by Census variables

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Next Steps

• Undertake in depth Provincial Analyses e.g. as
  commissioned by Western Cape
• Create a statistical geography Data Zones
• Create a National Index
• Update using 2007 Community Survey (Census
  Replacement Survey)
• Move to administrative data where possible
• Create a 1996 Index to monitor change