Beyond OGC Standards: The New Challenges for Open Source GIS

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Beyond OGC Standards The New Challenges for Open
Source GIS
OGRS 2009, Nantes, France, July 2009

• Gilberto Câmara
• Director General, National Institute for Space
  Research (INPE)
• Brazil

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INPE CONVERTING DATA INTO KNOWLEDGE
SATELLITES
Earth observation, scientific, and data
collection satellites
GROUND SYSTEMS
Reception, processing and distribution of
satellite data
RD
Weather Prediction and Earth System Science
SOCIETAL BENEFITS
Innovative products to society
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Image Distribution CBERS and LANDSAT (2004-2008)
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CBERS as a global satellite
Miyun
Urumchi
Aswan
Maspalomas
Ghuangzhou
Chetumal
Bangcoc
Gabon(?)
Nairobi(?)
Boa Vista
Darwin(?)
Cuiabá
Alice Springs (?)
Joburg
CBERS ground stations will cover most of the
Earths land mass between 300N and 300S
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The international community (should) explore
ways to reduce global-warming emissions from
deforestation. () This information can now be
extracted fairly accurately from satellite
images. () A few satellites can cover the entire
globe, but there needs to be a system in place to
ensure their images are readily available to
everyone who needs them. Brazil has set an
important precedent by making its
Earth-observation data available, and the rest of
the world should follow suit.
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Why do we want open source GIS?
Alternative to proprietary GIS
Support for innovative applications
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What has Open GIS given us?
Interfaces based on the OpenGIS
Specification WMS, WCS, WFS
File Format
File Format
File Format
OGC SQL extension
NETWORKS AND CLIENT/SERVER TECHNOLOGY
File Format
File Format
File Format
File Format
File Format
File Format
File Format
File Format
Non-traditional DBMS
Traditional DBMS
Real-Time Data Feed
OGC archival formats
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What has Open GIS given us?
OrbiGIS WMS reader
QGIS GRASS
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Open GIS can do much more support
decision-making in a changing world
Nature Physical equations Describe processes
Society Decisions on how to Use Earths
resources
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The fundamental question of our time
How is the Earths environment changing, and what
are the consequences for human civilization?
source IGBP
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Global Change
Where are changes taking place? How much change
is happening? Who is being impacted by the
change?
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Open GIS-21

• augmented reality

• mobile devices

• Data-centered, mobile-enabled, contribution-based,
  field-based modelling

• ubiquitous images and maps

• sensor networks

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Slides from LANDSAT
images USGS
Modelling Nature-Society Interactions How do
humans use space? How to describe and predict
changes resulting from human actions? What
computational tools are needed to model
nature-society interactions?
Aral Sea
1973
1987
2000
Bolivia
1975
1992
2000
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TerraLib spatio-temporal database as a basis for
innovation
G. Câmara et al.TerraLib An open-source GIS
library for large-scale environmental and
socio-economic applications. In B. Hall, M.
Leahy (eds.), Open Source Approaches to Spatial
Data Handling. Berlin, Springer, 2008.
Modelling (TerraME)
Visualization (TerraView)
Spatio-temporal Database (TerraLib)
Data Mining(GeoDMA)
Statistics (aRT)
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TerraME Dynamical spatial modellingwith Agents
in Cell Spaces
Tiago Garcia de Senna Carneiro, "Nested-CA A
Foundation for Multiscale Modelling of Land Use
and Land Cover Change. PhD Thesis, INPE, june
2006
TerraME uses functional programming ideas
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R-Terralib interface
R data from geoR package.
Loaded into a TerraLib database, and visualized
with TerraView.
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Where is Lua?

• Inside Brazil
• Petrobras, the Brazilian Oil Company
• Embratel (the main telecommunication company in
  Brazil)
• many other companies
• Outside Brazil
• Lua is used in hundreds of projects, both
  commercial and academic
• CGILua still in restricted use
• until recently all documentation was in
  Portuguese

TerraME Programming Language Extension of
LUA LUA is the language of choice for computer
games
Ierusalimschy et al, 1996
source the LUA team
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TerraAmazon open source software for
large-scale land change monitoring
116-112
116-113
Spatial database (PostgreSQL with vectors and
images) 2004-2008 5 million polygons, 500 GB
images
166-112
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INPEs support for open source GIS
TerraLib (multi-user database viewer) 250 K/an
SPRING (single-user) 100.000 registered users
200 K/an
TerraME (modelling software) 150 K/an
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• How can GIS technology handle spatio-temporal
  data?
• What algebra is needed for spatio-temporal data?
• How can this algebra be handled in an
  object-relational DBMS?

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Modelling changefrom practice to theory
Outline of a theory for change modelling in
spatio-temporal data
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What is a geo-sensor?
What is a geo-sensor?
Basic spatio-temporal types S set of locations
(space) T set of intervals (time) A set of
values (attributes)
measure (s,t) v s ? S - set of locations in
space t ? T - is the set of times. v ? V - set
of values
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What is a geo-sensor?
What is a geo-sensor?
Field (static) field S ? A A field has values
for every location of a space
measure (s,t) v s ? S - set of locations in
space t ? T - is the set of times. v ? V - set
of values
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Slides from LANDSAT
1973
1987
2000
Aral Sea
Time-varying fields TField T ? S ? V A
temporal field records the values of the space at
each time.
Bolivia
1975
1992
2000
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Evolving and moving objects
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Moving objects
Object (S,A) located in space with
attributes TObject T?(S,A) location and
attributes change
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Evolving objects
Object (S,A) located in space with
attributes TObject T?(S,A) location and
attributes change
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Sensors sources of continuous information
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Sensors are temporal objects
Object (S,A) located in space, has attributes
(sensor measures) TObject T ? (S,A)
location and attributes change
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Moving objects have trajectories
trajectory TObject ? T ? S shows where the
object has been
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Sensor data produces a time series
TimeSeries TObject ? T ? A each temporal
object (sensor) produces a time series
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Object Algebra some operations
state TObject ? T ? Object times TObject ?
set (T) range TObject ? set (A) values TObject
? TimeSeries path TObject ? Trajectory intersec
t TObject ? S ? set(TObject)
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When did animal L01 come close to island I01?
LO1 TObject -- moving animal I01 Object --
static island buf buffer (I01, 20
km) LO1_parts intersect (L01, buf) tclose
times (L01_parts)
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When did animal L01 come close to animal L02?
LO1, L02 TObject ts1 Timeseries t1 Time ts1
distance(path(L01),path(LO2)) t1 times
(filter (lt2) ts1 ) tclose min (times
(A01_part))
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Evolution of a volcano eruption
state TField ? T ? Field times TField ? set
(T) range TField ? set (A) intersect TField ?
S ? set(TField)
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What was the biggest SO2 emission of volcano
eruption?
plume TField ts timeSeries (plume,
S02) maxVal max ( range (ts) )
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Conclusions

• Managing change is a major challenge for the open
  GIS community
• We need new algebras, data representations and
  algorithms to handle spatio-temporal data