WHAT IS PEACE?

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WHAT IS PEACE?

• POLS 221
• WINTER 2008

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PEACE

• Not dealt with or defined in most I.R. texts
• I.R.-focus on conflict between states
• I.R.-focus on management of conflict
• Freedom from disorder and chaos?
• There are a multiplicity of methods of conflict
  resolution

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DEFINITIONS OF PEACE

• Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris (1928)
• Settlement of all conflicts should be by pacific
  (peaceful) means.
• War renounced as an instrument of f.p.
• How do you enforce this?
• Undeclared Wars??

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DEFINITIONS OF PEACE

• Quiet Tranquility.
• A state of mind
• Well-being of the oppressed (Hammurabi)
• Two frogs sitting on a lily pad.
• My life depends on yours. Our actions have
  almost immediate global consequences. Thomas
  Hovet, Jr.

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JOHAN GALTUNG

• b. 1930, Oslo, Norway
• Founder of Irenology, study of peace
• U.N. consultant
• Galtung has published
• -1,000 articles
• -100 books

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JOHAN GALTUNG

• Violence, Peace Peace Research. Journal of
  Peace Research (1969) 3167-192.
• Galtung defines peace as
• THE ELIMINATION OF
• DIRECT AND STRUCTURAL
• VIOLENCE

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DIRECT VIOLENCE

• Intended by actors
• Physical harm to people
• Physical harm to property
• Physical harm to living creatures

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STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE

• Structural Violence is defined by Galtung as
• A SYSTEM OF INTERACTIONS FOR A GIVEN SET OF
  ACTORS THAT ARE OFTEN HIERARCHICAL

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STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE

• -IS SILENT
• -IS DIFFICULT TO SEE
• IS STATUS QUO ORIENTED
• SHOWS A DEGREE OF STABILITY OVER TIME

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STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE

• Can be linked to psychological violence
• Examples
• Unpaid housework for women
• War toys for boys

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WOMEN STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE

• Housewives perform 5.4 unpaid hours of labor
  daily
• Working women do
• 3.8 unpaid hours of labor daily
• PatriarchyHierarchy?

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STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE WORK

• Factory conditions for workers
• Nike factory in Indonesia
• 6,500 workers
• 2.10 daily wages
• Limit amount of water per day

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STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE

• Tied to the uneven distribution of resources
• Example Access to Education by Gender
• The power to decide over the distribution of
  resources is unevenly distributed
• Structural ViolenceSocial Injustice
• Direct Violence is an event, while
• Structural Violence is a process

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IS VIOLENCE THE ANSWER OR THE PROBLEM??
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THE FUTURE OF PEACE

• End to violence and social injustice
• Change individual and societal values
• Cooperation or Domination??
• What are you going to do as a global citizen to
  achieve peace???

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EDUCATING FOR PEACE

• Peace education requires
• -developing a shared vision.
• -respecting human dignity and diversities.
• -speaking out against injustice
• -foster values of respect and forgiveness.

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THE END