Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

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Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion
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Defining Motivation, and a Model

• Dynamics of behavior the ways in which actions
  are initiated, sustained, directed, and terminated

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A Model of Motivation

• Model of how motivated activities work
• Need Internal deficiency causes drive
• Drive Energized motivational state (e.g.,
  hunger, thirst activates a response)
• Response Action or series of actions designed to
  attain a goal
• Goal Target of motivated behavior

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Types of Motives

• Incentive Value Goals appeal beyond its ability
  to fill a need
• Primary Motive Innate (inborn) motives based on
  biological needs that must be met to survive
• Stimulus Motive Needs for stimulation and
  information appear to be innate, but not
  necessary for survival
• Secondary Motive Based on learned needs, drives,
  and goals

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Figure 10.1
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Hunger Big Mac Attack?

• Homeostasis Body equilibrium balance
• Hypothalamus Brain structure regulates many
  aspects of motivation and emotion, including
  hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
• Feeding System Area in the hypothalamus that,
  when stimulated, initiates eating
• Satiety System Area in the hypothalamus that
  terminates eating

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Figure 10.3
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More on Eating Behavior (Hungry Yet?)

• Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Substance in the brain that
  initiates eating
• Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Substance in
  brain that terminates eating
• Set Point Proportion of body fat that is
  maintained by changes in hunger and eating point
  where weight stays the same when you make no
  effort to gain or lose weight

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The Final Word on Eating Behavior

• Leptin Substance released by fat cells that
  inhibits eating
• External Eating Cues External stimuli that tend
  to encourage hunger or elicit eating these cues
  may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed
  (like Homer Simpson, who eats whatever he sees!)
• Signs and signals linked with food

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Figure 10.6
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Figure 10.7
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Behavioral Dieting

• Weight reduction based on changing exercise and
  eating habits and not on temporary
  self-starvation
• Some keys
• Start with a complete physical
• Exercise
• Be committed to weight loss

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Behavioral Dieting (cont.)

• Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep
  a chart of daily progress
• Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned
  habits that tell you to always clean your plate
• Avoid snacks
• Learn to weaken personal eating cues

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Taste

• Taste Aversion Active dislike for a particular
  food
• VERY difficult to overcome

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Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa

• Active self-starvation or sustained loss of
  appetite that seems to have psychological origins
• Control issues seem to be involved
• Very difficult to effectively treat
• Overwhelmingly affects adolescent females

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Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa

• Excessive eating (binging) usually followed by
  self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives
• Difficult to treat
• Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa
• Overwhelmingly affects females

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Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

• Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of
  becoming fat they think they are fat when the
  opposite is true!
• Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight
  anorectics with perfect control
• Anorectics will often be put on a weight-gain
  diet to restore weight

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Thirst

• Extracellular Thirst When water is lost from
  fluids surrounding the cells of your body
• Best satisfied by drinking slightly salty liquid
• Intracellular Thirst When fluid is drawn out of
  cells because of increased concentration of salts
  and minerals outside the cell
• Best satisfied by drinking water

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Pain Avoidance

• An episodic drive
• Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place
  or is about to occur

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Sex Drive

• Estrus Changes in animals that create a desire
  for sex females in heat
• Estrogen A female sex hormone
• Androgens Male sex hormones

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Stimulus Drives

• Reflect needs for information, exploration,
  manipulation, and sensory input
• Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or
  comfortable, level of arousal
• Arousal Activation of the body and nervous
  system
• Sensation Seeking Trait of people who prefer
  high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants
  on Fear Factor)

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Figure 10.9
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How to Cope with Test Anxiety

• Preparation
• Relaxation
• Rehearsal
• Restructuring thoughts

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Learned Motives

• Social Motives Acquired by growing up in a
  particular society or culture
• Need for Achievement (nAch) Desire to meet or
  exceed some internal standard of excellence
• Need for Power Desire to have impact or control
  over others

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Abraham Maslow

• Hierarchy of Human Needs Maslows ordering of
  needs based on presumed strength or potency some
  needs are more powerful than others and thus will
  influence your behavior to a greater degree

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Maslows Human Needs

• Basic Needs First four levels of needs in
  Maslows hierarchy
• Lower needs tend to be more potent (prepotent)
  than higher needs
• Growth Needs Higher-level needs associated with
  self-actualization
• Meta-Needs Needs associated with impulses for
  self-actualization

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Figure 10.10
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Types of Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation Motivation coming from
  within, not from external rewards based on
  personal enjoyment of a task or activity
• Extrinsic Motivation Based on obvious external
  rewards, obligations, or similar factors

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Emotions

• State characterized by physiological arousal and
  changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture,
  and subjective feelings
• Adaptive Behaviors Actions that aid our attempts
  to survive and adjust to changing conditions
• Physiological Changes (In emotions) Include
  heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and
  other involuntary responses

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More Terms to Know

• Adrenaline Hormone produced by adrenal glands
  that arouses the body
• Emotional Expressions Outward signs of what a
  person is feeling
• Emotional Feelings A persons private emotional
  experience

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Primary Emotions and Mood

• Eight primary emotions (Plutchik, 2001)
• Fear
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Disgust

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Primary Emotions and Mood Concluded

• Anger
• Anticipation
• Joy
• Trust
• Mood Low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state

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Figure 10.11
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Figure 10.12
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Brain and Emotion

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Neural system
  that connects brain with internal organs and
  glands
• Sympathetic Branch Part of ANS that activates
  body for emergency action
• Parasympathetic Branch Part of ANS that quiets
  body and conserves energy
• Parasympathetic Rebound Overreaction to intense
  emotion

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Figure 10.13
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Lie Detectors

• Polygraph Device that records changes in heart
  rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic
  skin response (GSR) lie detector
• GSR Measures sweating

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Types of Polygraph Questions

• Irrelevant Questions Neutral, emotional
  questions in a polygraph test
• Relevant Questions Questions to which only
  someone guilty should react
• Control Questions Questions that almost always
  provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g., Have you
  ever taken any office supplies?)

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Body Language (Kinesics)

• Study of communication through body movement,
  posture, gestures, and facial expressions
• Emotional Tone Underlying emotional state
• Facial Blends Mix of two or more basic
  expressions

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Three Types of Facial Expressions

• Pleasantness-Unpleasantness Degree to which a
  person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure
• Attention-Rejection Degree of attention given to
  a person or object
• Activation Degree of arousal a person is
  experiencing

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Figure 10.15
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Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange Theory Emotional feelings follow
  bodily arousal and come from awareness of such
  arousal
• Cannon-Bard Theory The thalamus (in brain)
  causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to
  occur simultaneously

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Schachters Cognitive Theory

• Emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled
  or interpreted on the basis of experience and
  situational cues

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Attribution

• Attribution Mental process of assigning causes
  to events attributing arousal to a certain
  source
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis Sensations from
  facial expressions and becoming aware of them is
  what leads to the emotion someone feels

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Figure 10.17
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A Modern View of Emotion

• Emotional Appraisal Evaluating personal meaning
  of a stimulus or situation
• Emotional Intelligence Emotional competence,
  including empathy, self-control, self-awareness,
  and other skills

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Critical Emotional Intelligence Skills

• Self-awareness
• Empathy
• Managing emotions
• Understanding emotions

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More Critical Emotional Skills

• Using emotions
• Emotional flexibility

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Figure 10.19