Participles

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Participles

• Latin II
• Chapter V

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Definition

• A participle is that form of the verb which is
  used like an adjective.
• Since it is a verb, it has tense and voice. It
  can take a direct object, an indirect object,
  etc.
• Since it is an adjective, it has case, number,
  and gender, and it will modify a noun.

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Formation
Active
Passive

• Present
• Perfect
• Future

2nd pp - re ns, ntis
x-ing
4th pp
having been x-ed
2nd pp - re ndus, a, um
4th pp - us urus, a, um
about to x
must be x-ed
Present active participles are declined like
third declension adjectives, while perfect
passive, future active and passive participles
are declined like first/second declension
adjectives.
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Third -io and Fourth Conjugation Verbs

• Be careful when forming the present active and
  future passive participles for 3rd -io and 4th
  conjugation verbs
• drop the entire infinitive ending (ire/ere)
• add -ie-
• then add the -ns, -ntis or -ndus, a, um

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Present Active Participle

• 2nd pp - re ns, ntis
• servo, servare drop the re, add -ns, -ntis
• servans servantes
• servantis servantum
• servanti servantibus
• servantem servantes
• servante servantibus

These are the endings for the masculine and
feminine forms of the adjective. For the neuter
forms, use the third declension neuter endings.

• Recall that for the third declension, you must go
  to the genitive to get the stem.

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Present Active Participle

• 2nd pp - re ns, ntis
• servo, servare drop the re, add -ns, -ntis
• servans servantia
• servantis servantium
• servanti servantibus
• servants servantia
• servante servantibus

These are the endings for the neuter forms of the
adjective.

• Recall that for the third declension, you must go
  to the genitive to get the stem.

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Perfect Passive Participle
Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective

• 4th pp
• servo, servare, servavi, servatus
• servatus, a, um servati, ae, a
• servati, ae, i servatorum, arum, orum
• servato, ae, o servatis, is, is
• servatum , am, um servatos, as, a
• servato, a, o servatis, is, is

having been saved
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Future Active Participle

• 4th pp - us urus, a, um
• servo, servare, servavi, servatus
• servaturus, a, um servaturi, ae, a
• servaturi, ae, i servaturorum, arum, orum
• servaturo, ae, o servaturis, is, is
• servaturum, am, um servaturos, as, a
• servaturo, a, o servaturis, is, is

Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective
about to save
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Future Passive Participle

• 2nd pp - re ndus, a, um
• servo, servare, servavi, servatus
• servandus, a, um servandi, ae, a
• servandi, ae, i servandorum, arum, orum
• servando, ae, o servandis, is, is
• servandum, am, um servandos, as, a
• servando, a, o servandis, is, is

Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective
must be saved
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Participle Uses

• indicate the time of the action in relation to
  the adjoining verb
• present participle indicates the action is going
  on at the same time as the verb
• future participle indicates the action will
  happen after the verb
• perfect participle indicates that the action
  happened before the verb

Sitting on the couch, the boy eats.
Sedens in lecto, puer edit.
The boy is sitting on the couch at the same time
that he is eating.
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Participle Uses

• Just like any other adjective, it describes a
  noun

slaughtered ambassadors
legati necati
violati hospites
violated guests
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Practice declining and translating..
Present Active
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus

• 2nd pp - re ns, ntis

muniens
munientes
munientum
munientis
munientibus
munienti
munientes
munientem
munientibus
muniente
building, fortifying

• Remember that for 3rd-io and 4th conjugation
  verbs, you must drop the entire infinitive
  ending, then add -ie- before adding the adjective
  endings

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Practice declining and translating..
Perfect Passive
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus

• 4th pp

munitus, a, um
muniti, ae, a
munitorum, arum, orum
muniti, ae, i
munitis, is, is
munito, ae, o
munitos, as, a
munitum, am, um
munitis, is, is
munito, a, o
having been built, having been fortified
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Practice declining and translating..
Future Active
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus

• 4th pp - us urus

muniturus, a, um
munituri, ae, a
muniturorum, arum, orum
munituri, ae, i
munituris, is, is
munituro, ae, o
munituros, as, a
muniturum, am, um
munituris, is, is
munituro, a, o
about to build, about to fortify
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More on Future Active Participles..

• Sometimes they are best translated as relative
  (dependent) clauses.

Hannibal proelium cum Romanis commissurus de
montes in Italiam venit.
Hannibal, about to begin battle, ..
OR
Hannibal, who was going to begin battle, ..
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Practice declining and translating..
Future Passive
Munio, munire, munivi, munitus

• 2nd pp - re ndus

muniendus, a, um
muniendi, ae, a
muniendorum, arum, orum
muniendi, ae, i
muniendis, is, is
muniendo, ae, o
muniendos, as, a
muniendum, am, um
muniendis, is, is
muniendo, a, o
must be built, must be fortified
again, remember that with 3rd-io and 4th
conjugation verbs, you need to drop the entire
infinitive ending, add -ie-, then add the
adjective ending
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1. Another name for the fourth principal part of
a verb is the ___________________, and it
functions as a(n) ___________________.
perfect passive participle
adjective
2. Participles can/cannot function by themselves
as the main verb of a sentence.
CANNOT
3. A participle can modify what part of speech?
Review
a noun or pronoun
4. Translate the following sentence Vir
ducens animalia Hannibal est.
The man leading the animals is Hannibal.
What is/are the object(s) of ducens?
Animalia is not the object of est!!! It is the
object of ducens!
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Practice Sentences

• Senex, multas iniurias passus, auxilium petivit.

The old man, having suffered many injuries,
sought help.
Ab amicis incitatus, certavit.
Encouraged by his friends, he competed.
Anulum inventum ad dominum tulimus.
When the ring had been found, we took it to the
master.
(We took the ring having been found to the
master.)
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ANY QUESTIONS?
PRESENT ACTIVE
PERFECT ACTIVE
FUTURE ACTIVE
FUTURE PASSIVE