Title: Plate Tectonic Theory
1Plate Tectonic Theory
2Plate Tectonic Theory
- Plate tectonics is a relatively new theory that
has revolutionized the way geologists think about
the Earth. - Plate Large slab of solid rock
- Tectonics from the Greek root to build
- Plate tectonics is a combination of two earlier
ideas, continental drift and sea-floor spreading
3Tectonic Plates
- According to the theory, the surface of the Earth
is broken into large plates.
4Earths Interior
- The lithosphere is the rigid, upper part of the
mantle and all of the crust - It is broken into 30 plates which vary greatly
in size and shape. - The lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere which
is the flowing part of the upper mantle.
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6Historical Theories
- 1596-
- Abraham Ortelius (April 14, 1527 June 28,
1598) was a Flemish cartographer (map maker) and
geographer.
7Continental Drift
- Ortelius is believed to be the first person to
imagine that the continents were joined together
before drifting to their present positions.
Ortelius was the first to see that the shape of
the coasts of South America and Europe-Africa
were similar, and to propose continental drift as
an explanation
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10Nicolaus Steno 1636-1686
- Nicolaus Steno observed the changes in a
sequence of rock layers in the mountains of
Italy. - Steno's observations became known as the Law of
Superposition -
Danish Anatomist and Geologist
11Law of Superposition
in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, each
layer of rock is older than the layer above it
and younger than the rock layer below it.
Youngest rock layer
Oldest rock layer
12James Hutton
- 1785-
- James Hutton (1726-1797) was a Scottish
geologist. - In 1785 he presented his uniformitarian principle
to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
13Uniformitarian principleThe present is the key
to the past
- suggests that catastrophic processes were not
responsible for the landforms that existed on the
Earth's surface. - This idea was opposed to the ideas of that time
period which were based on a biblical
interpretation of the history of the Earth.
14Unitarianism
- means the same throughout
- Scientists believed that the rates of all
geologic processes had been the same throughout
time. - The theory of uniformitarianism suggested that
the landscape developed over long periods of time
through a variety of slow geologic and geomorphic
processes.
15The Grand Canyon in Arizona shows how geologic
processes such as weathering and erosion happen
slowly over time.
16Alfred Wegener
- Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)
- German geophysicist
- Professor of meteorology and geophysics at the
University of Marburg - Studied fossils on different continents
171912- Supercontinent Theory
- around 200 million years ago, the supercontinent
Pangaea began to split apart . - Pangaea comes from the Greek all the Earth
- Wegener's theory was based in part on what
appeared to him to be the remarkable fit of the
South American and African continents, first
noted by Abraham Ortelius three centuries
earlier.
18Fossil Evidence
- Wegener was also intrigued by the occurrences of
unusual geologic structures and of plant and
animal fossils found on the matching coastlines
of South America and Africa, which are now widely
separated by the Atlantic Ocean. - He reasoned that it was physically impossible for
most of these organisms to have swum or have been
transported across the vast oceans. To him, the
presence of identical fossil species along the
coastal parts of Africa and South America was the
most compelling evidence that the two continents
were once joined.
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20Pangaea
21Continental Drift
225 million years ago- Supercontinent
Pangaea Over millennia, continents drifted
apart. Present Day 7 continents which are
continuing to drift (separate) at a rate of
about 10 cm per year.
22A Theory Contended
- The theory of continental drift would become the
spark that ignited a new way of viewing the
Earth. But at the time Wegener introduced his
theory, the scientific community firmly believed
the continents and oceans to be permanent
features on the Earth's surface. - Wegeners proposal was not well received, even
though it seemed to agree with the scientific
information available at the time.
23The Fatal Weakness
- A fatal weakness in Wegener's theory was that it
could not satisfactorily answer the most
fundamental question raised by critics of his
time - What kind of forces could be strong enough to
move such large masses of solid rock over such
great distances?
24Arthur Holmes Lived 18901965 British Geologist
- 1929 - Convection Currents Theory about the
time Wegener's ideas began to be dismissed for
lack of a mechanism of movement, Holmes
elaborated on the idea that the mantle undergoes
thermal convection
25Thermal Convection in the Mantle
- As magma is heated, it tends to rise, then cools
and sinks again. This repeated heating and
cooling results in a current which may be enough
to cause continents to move.
26Convection Conveyor Belt
- Arthur Holmes compared this thermal convection to
a conveyor belt. The pressure from the upwelling
of magma could break apart a continent and then
force the broken continent in opposite directions
carried by the convection currents. This idea
received very little attention at the time.
27What We Know Today
- Even though the theory of continental drift was
proposed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, the idea of
moving continents wasn't generally accepted until
the early 1960s. - That's when Wegener's theory was resurrected by
Harry Hess, Robert Dietz, Fred Vine, and Drummond
Matthews
28Forces that Shape the Earth
- Geologists now understand the forces that cause
tectonic plates to move. - The force that causes plates to move is called
convection. - This convection force occurs in the asthenosphere
of the mantle
29Convection Currents
- The lithospheric plates are thought to be moved
around by circulating motions. - This process is similar to what you see in a lava
lamp. - The material in the lamp is heated by the bulb.
The material then rises and is replaced by the
cooler material that sinks to the bottom. - This causes circulating movement
30Convection in the Earth
convection currents in the mantle move tectonic
plates as the plastic-like asthenosphere
circulates due to the heat present in the core.
The large scale circulations (motions) in the
asthenosphere move the lithospheric plates on the
surface of the Earth leading to the continental
drift observed today.
31Harry Hess Lived 19061969 American Geologist
- 1962 - Sea Floor Spreading Theory idea that the
seafloor itself moves and carries continents with
it, as it expands from a central point - caused by convection currents in the molten, very
weak upper mantle, or asthenosphere.
32Sea Floor Spreading
- molten magma from beneath the earth's crust could
ooze up between the plates in the rift in the
ocean floor. - As the hot magma cooled in the ocean water, it
would expand and push the plates beside it.
33Mid Atlantic Ridge
- North and South America would move to the west
and Eurasia and Africa would move to the east. - The Atlantic Ocean would get wider, but the
coastlines of the landmasses would not change
dramatically.
34Dan McKenzie Lives 1942 English Geophysicist
- 1968 - Theory of Plate Tectonics is a
combination of two earlier ideas continental
drift and sea-floor spreading.
35Plate Tectonics
- Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is
broken into 7 large, rigid pieces called plates. - Several minor plates also exist.
- The plates are all moving in different
directions and at different speeds, from 2 cm to
10 cm per year in relationship to each other.
36Main Features of Plate Tectonics
- The Earth's surface is covered by a series of
crustal plates. - The ocean floors are continually moving,
spreading from the center, sinking at the edges,
and being regenerated. - Convection currents beneath the plates move the
crustal plates in different directions. - The source of heat driving the convection
currents is from radioactivity deep in the
Earths mantle.
37Plate Boundaries
- Stay tuned for our next topic
- Plate Boundaries
38References
- USGS http//pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/histor
ical.html - BBC Schools
- http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science
/21c/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev1.shtml - University of Oregon
- http//jersey.uoregon.edu/imamura/121/lecture-9/
tectonic.html - PBS
- http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/
- University of California, Berkeley
- http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener.html