International Helicopter Safety Team

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Safety Enhancement in Helicopter Operations

• IHST Latin American Regional Conference
• Sao Paulo , Brazil
• Somen Chowdhury
• Executive Committee Member, IHST
• VP Internationl, AHS

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Contents

• Why IHST Background
• Objectives, Goals Implementation
• Safety in Design, manufacturing operations -
  Every Step of the Way
• IHSS 2005 Montreal Conference
• IHST Regional Cooperation
• IHSS 2007
• Conclusions

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Background Current State of Affairs

• Too many
• Accidents 565/year worldwide
• Lives lost Poor Public image
• Business loss
• Injuries Too expensive
  

UNACCEPTABLE
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24,294 Worldwide Civil Helicopters
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Six Years Data2000- 2005

• Civil Military uses
• 3049 accidents
• 2643 fatalities
• 1027 serious injuries
• 5439 minor/ no injuries

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Worldwide Helicopter Accidents/ year1980-2005
Source Roy Fox Bell Helicopter
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Accidents rates per 100,000 hr

• As per AUA ( Mike Kriebel)
• 2,225,000 total helicopter hours in USA in 2004
• Accident rate per 100,000 flight hours 8.09
• Fatal rate 1.48
• Turbine civil accident rate 5.11
• By contrast U.S. Air carrier rate 0.159
• US data shows no change in rate over 24 years

Need to bring down helicopter accident rates
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Bell civil turbine accident causes worldwide
(1994-2003)
Source Roy Fox, Bell Helicopter Textron
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Causes of Accidents

• Bell Civil turbine accident causes world wide
  (Pie chart)
• Non Air worthiness ( Human) 74
• Unknown 12
• Airworthiness 14

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Accident status in SAM countries

• SAM covers South, Central and Carribean
  countries
• Reference ICAO report 297- AN/171presented in
  ICAO conference RAAC/9 , Santiago Chile 2005
• Data primarily discusses large transport aircraft
  accidents
• Conclusions of report generally valid for
  helicopter operations

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SAM countries ( contd)

• 1992 2001 ( 10 year period) Transport A/c
  accident data
• Asia-Australia 26.8 of all accidents
• Europe 21 of accdnts 29 of
  oprns
• N.America 20.5 of accdnts 42 of opns
• Central S. America 16.8 vs 9
• Africa 14.5

ICAO Conclusion accidents 3.8 times more likely
in Latin American countries than in USA Canada
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SAM countries (contd)

• ICAO statistics (297 AN/171 ADREP) mentions hull
  losses in the region is 2 to 3 times world
  average (from 1993 to 2002)
• Flight Safety Foundation suggests a risk
  multiplier of 5 be considered for CFIT for
  Central S American airspace compared to
  Australia /N Zland /US Canada

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ICAO report conclusions

• Air cargo operations hull losses have tripled
  from 1993 to 2002 world wide accidents 22
  times more frequent than passenger operations
• Cause Less attention paid operational hours
  are different older fleet
• Helicopter accidents are frequent ( do not have
  separate numbers)
• Main causes Human Factors, maintenance,
  operational issues, situational awareness,
  training
• Helicopter accidents globally about 50 times more
  than passenger transport aircraft

Less attention and lack of enforcement of safety
practices seem to be the primary cause of
increased accidents
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The Real Challenge Iceberg Theory
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Accidents
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Serious Incidents
300
Incidents
1200
Near Misses
Heinrich Ratio
The BIG Picture
Hidden or Unseen Conditions are Below The Surface
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The Swiss Cheese Model
Successive layers of defenses, barriers,
safeguards
Barriers are Safety Nets
Some holes due to active failures (present in use)
Hazards
When barriers fail
Other holes due to latent conditions (present,
not visible)

ACCIDENT
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The Danger
- is all around us!!!
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Goals ImplementationNeed to Act

• Can the industry do better ?
• How ?
• Need a mitigation Strategy

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Need to Act

• Helicopter operations are essential
• There is a need to have a comprehensive hard look
  as to how we operate and do business
• There is an absence of any concerted plan so far
• IHSS 2005 was held in Montreal to kick off the
  accident reduction process

CAST (commercial aviation safety team) was
considered a good model to follow
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IHSS 2005 Montreal Conference

• Four day program
• Training Sessions
• Management
• Military
• Maintenance
• Invited Speakers
• Paper sessions
• Military Civil missions
• Human Performance Training
• Design Maintenance
• Accidents Regulation
• Management Economics
• Discussion panels
• Plenary session

• Results
• Attendance 250
• International
• 13 countries
• 5 continents
• Industry wide
• Government
• Regulatory
• Accident Investigators
• OEMs
• Mission groups
• Operators
• Pilots
• Maintainers
• Aviation Press

IHST set up
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IHST
Mission To provide government, industry and
operator leadership to develop and focus
implementation of an integrated, data-driven
strategy to improve helicopter aviation safety
worldwide, both military and civil. Vision To
achieve the highest levels of safety in the
international helicopter communities by focusing
on appropriate initiatives prioritized to result
in the greatest improvement in helicopter
aviation safety.
Goal To reduce helicopter accidents by 80 By 2016
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IHSTOrganisation
JHSAT - Joint Helicopter Safety Advisory
Team JHSIT - Joint Helicopter Safety
Implementation Team
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ImplementationProcess
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Charters

• Joint Helicopter Safety Analysis Team (JHSAT)
  Charter
• Conduct, review and analyse accident report and
  identify causal factors
• Investigate and recommend improvements and
  develop mitigation strategies to meet 80 goal
  periodic status measurements
• Draft action plans to determine intervention
  strategies and milestones for IHST approval.

• Joint Helicopter Safety Implementation Team
  (JHSIT) Charter
• Develop and prioritize implementation plan
• Carry out rigorous cost-benefit analysis for
  implementation strategies to achieve IHST goals
• Develop action plans
• Coordinate implementation of IHST-approved
  strategies
• Develop and track performance
• Determine progress in meeting major milestones
  and effectiveness of interventions.

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Buy-in Worldwide Government, Military Civil
Groups, OEMs

• USA
• AHS - American Helicopter Society International
• AAMS - Association of Air Medical Services
• FAA - Federal Aviation Administration
• FSF - Flight Safety Foundation Inc.
• HAI - Helicopter Association International
• NAVAIR - U.S. Navy - Naval Safety Center
• NTSB - National Transportation Safety Board
• U.S. Army Combat Readiness Center
• Europe
• BEA - Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la
  Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile
• EHA - European Helicopter Association
• Canada
• TCCA - Transport Canada Civil Aviation
• TSB - Transportation Safety Board of Canada
• India, Australia now Brazil Latin America
  (ABRAPHE, CENIPA)

USA Bell Boeing Sikorsky RR Pratt
Whitney Honeywell Europe Eurocopter Augusta-Westan
d Turbomeca Canada CHC Helicopters Brazil
Petrobras,Lider
Need all operators to buy-in
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(OEM) Original Equipment Manufacturer
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OEM
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OEM
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OEM
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Approach

• How do we achieve the best decisions?
• Regulatory obligations
• Voluntary Actions

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Regulation

• Regulation An enforced rule of conduct
• Tells industry What to do / What not to do
• Outlines legal Obligations authorities
• Assumes the industry will by default not comply
• Directed towards meeting public expectations
• Elements of posturing
• New Approach sharing of responsibilities

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Voluntary Compliance

• In the interest of ones business, lives and
  efficiency of operations
• Develop a voluntary code of conduct reflects
  maturity of the industry
• The Safety management system
• Need to Outline a plan
• Will be a proactive system
• Will be documented
• Will have a safety oversight system
• Training
• Quality Assurance
• Emergency preparedness
• A closed loop corrective system

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Product Life Cycle
Design
Manufacture
Modifications Repairs
Continuing Airworthiness
Operations
Maintenance
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Safety Every Step of the Way IHST Strategy
Continuing Airworthiness
Short term Action
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Design

• Failure Prevention Technologies
• Fail safe design vs safe life design/ CPR for
  evolutionary design
• Composite structures prevents catastrophic
  failures
• HUMS DPHM embedded sensors
• Reliability
• Corrosion control
• No single point failure for critical components
  10-9 probability
• FMEA
• Survivability
• Energy absorbing seats
• Crash worthy fuel tanks
• Energy absorbing structures
• egress

RETURN
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DESIGN
ENGINEERING
MAINTENANCE
SYSTEMS
STRUCTURES
SYSTEMS
STRUCTURES
Functional Hazards Analysis (FHA)
STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS - Damage
Tolerance Insp. - Safe Life Component Retirements
SYSTEMS/ POWERPLANTS MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS -
Maintenance Significant Items (MSIs)
STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS - Structure
Significant Items (SSIs)
Systems Safety Analysis (SSA) - Candidate
Certification Maintenance Requirements (CCMRs) -
Major Futur Consequences
MANUFACTURER - Servicing - Maintenance Tasks -
Repair Instructions - Components Manuals -
Inspection Techniques - Troubleshooting -
Tooling - Etc.
Certification Maintenance Requirements (CMRs)
MAINTENANCE REVIEW BOARD REPORT
AIRWORTHINESS LIMITATIONS
ICAs
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Probability and Severity Relationships
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Failure risk mitigation strategy
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Manufacturing

• Flawless manufacturing
• Reduce MDRs
• Improved inspection technologies
• Reduced variability

RETURN
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Monitoring of Fielded Systems

• Service Difficulty Reporting System (SDRS)
• Computerized Airworthiness Information System
  (CAIS)
• Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting Systems
  (CADORS)

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Murphys Law No. 3

• If anything can possibly
• go wrong, it will!

MAMA MIA !
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Murphys Law No. 8
?
?
?

• By making something perfectly clear,
  someone will be totally confused!

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Field Flight OperationsHuman Factors
Human Factors is cause of 75 accidents It is
critical to enhanced safety Need to integrate HF
in maintenance Provide smarter maintenance
aids Provide increased situational awareness
inputs to pilots
The door opened in flight!
RETURN
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IHST Regional Cooperation

• International Cooperation is essential
• Regulators
• Operators
• OEMS
• In all regions of the world.
• We started with S Asia,
• Australia then
• Brazil
• Go to S.Africa,
• Middle East, Japan
• Russia

We are all in it together
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IHSS 2007

• Montreal
• Dates September 19 to 21, 2007
• Action Plan from JHSAT, JHSIT
• Report on worldwide participation

Pictures from www.tourisme-montreal.org
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Conclusions

• Need to act urgently in improving the safety of
  helicopter operations
• Important area of focus is human factors and
  situational awareness
• Get involved in the IHST process
• Accidents can be avoided need to set up the
  right process
• The present accident rates in the helicopter
  industry are unacceptable

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Questions?

• Please check out the IHST website
• www.ihst.org

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Thank you