Acid/Bases%20Review

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Acid/Bases Review

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vGYzH_NiIAaYfeature
  related

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Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds

• The branch of science that studies compounds that
  contain carbon atoms is known a organic chemistry
• (Inorganic chemistry is the study of all of the
  other types of compounds)
• FYI- Biochemistry is the study of the molecules
  within living things!

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The Chemistry of Carbon

• Carbon is unique because it has 4 valence
  electrons which means it has 4 electrons that
  want to share 4 electrons from other atoms
• Which type of bonds would these atoms form?
• COVALENT BONDS Share electrons!

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Carbons Bonds

• Carbon can bond with many elements
• To form the molecules of life, carbon can bond
  with
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur
• Nitrogen
• Carbon can also bond to other carbons
• Can form chains, rings
• Single, double, and triple bonds

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Macromolecules

• Macromolecules giant molecules are large
  organic compounds made from thousands of smaller
  molecules
• They are formed by the process of polymerization
• Monomers (smaller units) that join together to
  form polymers

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Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are classified into 4 main groups
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

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Carbohydrates

• Composed of
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen atoms ( in a121 ratio)

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Carbohydrates

• Function
• Used by living things as their main source of
  energy
• When the bonds are broken between the sugar
  molecules, energy is released used for cell
  activities
• Extra sugars are stored as starches (long chains
  of sugars)
• Potatoes, carrots, corn
• Some organisms use carbohydrates for structural
  purposes (i.e. plants, invertebrates)

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Carbohydrates

• Simple sugars
• Single sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
• Glucose
• Galactose (milk)
• Fructose (fruit)
• 2 simple sugars (disaccharides)
• Sucrose (table sugar)
• Made from glucose and fructose

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Carbohydrates

• Complex Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides formed by many monosaccharides
• Many animals store their extra sugar as glycogen
• Stored in your muscles to supply them with energy
  to function
• 2 simple sugars (disaccharides)
• Sucrose (table sugar)
• Made from glucose and fructose

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Carbohydrates

• Plants and Polysaccharides
• Plants store their extra sugar as starches
• They also make cellulose
• These fibers are tough and flexible
• They give plants their strength and rigidity

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Lipids

• Large molecules that are generally not soluble in
  water
• Composed of
• Mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
• Fats, oils, waxes

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Lipids

• Functions
• Used to store energy in the body
• Parts of biological membranes
• Waterproof coverings
• Steroids (hormones)

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Lipids

• Made from a glycerol molecule combined with fatty
  acids
• The fatty acids are chains of carbon joined to
  each other
• If all the carbons are joined together with a
  single bond they are called saturated
• They are saturated because they have the highest
  amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbons
• Saturated fats are unhealthy because their
  straight chains make it easier for them to layer
  up in arteries to form plaque
• They tend to be solids at room temperature

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Lipids

• Made from a glycerol molecule combined with fatty
  acids
• The fatty acids are chains of carbon joined to
  each other
• If at least 2 carbons are joined together with a
  double bond they are called unsaturated
• They are unsaturated because they do not have the
  most hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbons
• Unsaturated fats are healthier fats because their
  kinked chains make it difficult for them to
  layer up in arteries to form plaque
• They tend to be liquids at room temperature

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Nucleic Acids
http//intranet.canacad.ac.jp3445/BiologyIBHL1/10
31

• Consist of
• Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
  phosphorus
• Contain a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and
  nitrogenous base
• Nucleic acids are polymers made from nucleotides
  (monomers) that are joined by covalent bonds

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Nucleic Acids

• Function
• Store and transmit hereditary (genetic)
  information of your cells
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid sugar- deoxyribose)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid sugar- ribose)

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Proteins

• Consist of
• Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Polymer made of amino acids (monomers)
• Amino acids- contain an amino group (-NH2) and
  carboxyl group (-COOH)
• Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds
  (covalent bonds)
• Polypeptide- more than 2 amino acids bonded
  together

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Proteins

• Functions
• Control the rate of reactions
• Regulate cell processes
• Form cellular structures
• Transport substance in or out of cells
• Fight disease

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Proteins

• More than 20 amino acids are found in nature
• All amino acids can join to other amino acids by
  bonding their amino group to their carboxyl group
• The R groups differ
• between amino acids

http//www.ucl.ac.uk/sjjgsca/ProteinStructure.htm
l
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Protein Organization

• Instructions for how amino acids are assembled
  are coded in each cells DNA
• Proteins have 4 levels of structure
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

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Proteins Structure

• Primary
• The sequence of a proteins amino acids

http//biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/
labManual/chapter_2.htm
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Proteins Structure

• Secondary
• The folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain
• Alpha helix (curly)
• Beta-pleated sheets
• (crimpy)

http//biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/
labManual/chapter_2.htm
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Proteins Structure

• Tertiary
• The 3D arrangement of the polypeptide chain

http//biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/
labManual/chapter_2.htm
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Proteins Structure

• Quaternary
• Proteins with more than one chain
• Describes how the chains are arranged relative to
  each other

http//biotech.matcmadison.edu/resources/proteins/
labManual/chapter_2.htm
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Protein Structure

• The shape of a protein is the result of
• Ionic bonds
• Covalent bonds
• van der Waals forces
• Hydrogen bonds
• between the amino acids that make up the
  polypeptide chains
• The specific structure of hemoglobin allows it
  to carry oxygen within red blood cells