Living Things

1
Chemistry of Life
Table of Contents Chemical Compounds in Cells The
Cell in Its Environment Photosynthesis Cellular
Respiration
2
Lesson 1

• Chemical Compounds in Cells

3
Elements and Compounds

• Element- pure substance
• smallest unit is an atom
• Compound- combination of elements
• smallest unit is a molecule

4
Chemical Compounds in Cells
Molecules and Compounds Carbon dioxide is a
compound. So is water. (pg 89)
5
Cell Nutrition

• Organic compounds- contain carbon
• nylon, polyester
• Inorganic compounds- dont
• water, table salt

6
Carbohydrates

• Energy-rich compound made of carbon, hydrogen,
  and oxygen
• Combined with sugar creates starches or complex
  carbohydrates
• plants store extra energy as starch
• our body breaks starch into glucose to get
  energy from
• Important for plant cell walls and cell membranes

7
Lipids

• Made of mostly carbon and hydrogen and some
  oxygen
• Cell membranes made mostly of lipids
• Fats, oils, waxes
• contain more energy per gram
• stored for future use

8
Proteins

• Large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  nitrogen, and some sulfur
• Found in meats, dairy, nuts, and beans
• Cell structure and function depends upon
• Enzymes- type of protein that speeds up chemical
  reactions for biological processes (such as
  saliva for digestion)

9
Chemical Compounds in Cells
Compare and contrast the carbohydrates, lipids,
and proteins. (pg 91)
10
Nucleic Acids

• Large organic molecules
• Consist of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
  and phosphorus
• Contain the instructions that cells need to carry
  out all functions of life
• main kind, DNA, genetic material passed from
  parent to child
• directs a cells functions, found in cells
  nucleus

11
Chemical Compounds in Cells
DNA Smaller molecules connect in specific
patterns and sequences, forming DNA. What would
be the pattern of colors in the missing area? (pg
92)
12
Chemical Compounds in Cells
The graph compares the percentages of some
compounds found in a bacterial cell and in an
animal cell. What would be a good title for the
graph? (pg 92)
13
Water

• dissolves substances in water for chemical
  reactions
• helps keep cells plump
• helps maintain body temperature

14
Chemical Compounds in Cells
Mostly Water About two-thirds of the human body
is water. How would you complete the circle graph
to show the percentage of water in your body? (pg
93)
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Lesson 2

• The Cell in Its Environment

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Movement

• Cell membrane controls movement
• Oxygen, water, particles of food must move into
  cell
• Carbon dioxide, wastes must move out of cell

17
Cell Membrane

• Every cell has cell membrane
• double layer of lipid molecules
• proteins help move materials in and out
• selectively permeable

18
The Cell in Its Environment
A Selective Barrier In what way is the cell
membrane like a gatekeeper? (pg 95)
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Passive Transport

• Does not use energy
• Diffusion concentration of molecules push them
  away from one another to spread evenly throughout
  the area
• Osmosis diffusion of water for cellular
  process, can cause dehydration if too much is
  taken out

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The Cell in Its Environment
Diffusion A drop of food coloring in a plate of
gelatin gradually spreads as molecules of the dye
diffuse. How would the third plate look if
diffusion continues? (pg 96)
21
The Cell in Its Environment
Large Cell and Small Cell How does the difference
in the size of cells affect their processes? (pg
97)
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Passive Transport

• Facilitated diffusion proteins in the cell
  membrane form channels through which sugars can
  pass

23
Active Transport

• Uses energy to move particles from lower
  concentration to higher concentration
• Transport proteins pick up molecules to carry
  them across the membrane

24
The Cell in Its Environment
Crossing the Cell Membrane Molecules move into
and out of a cell by means of passive or active
transport. Describe how you would complete the
boxes and where the concentration of each
substance is high or low. (pg 98)
25
Large Particles

• Endocytosis cell engulfs a particle, creates a
  vacuole, and absorbs it
• Exocytosis cell creates a vacuole around a
  particle, opens up cell membrane, and spills it
  out
• use energy

26
The Cell in Its Environment
Water Molecule Imagine that the yellow line is
the cell membrane. What is the overall direction
in which water will travel as a result of
osmosis? (pg 98)
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Lesson 3

• Photosynthesis

28
The Sun

• All living things need energy
• The sun is the primary source of energy.
• Photosynthesis from Greek photos- light and
  syntithenai- putting together

29
Producers and Consumers

• Autotrophs makes own food
• Heterotroph consumes food
• Lesson from Mufasa

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Stage 1

• 1 energy is captured
• green chlorophyll in the chloroplast absorb
  light
• converts it to a stored form
• water is split into hydrogen and oxygen
• oxygen is given off as waste
• hydrogen is used for Stage 2

31
Photosynthesis
First Stage of Photosynthesis The first stage of
photosynthesis powers the energy engine of the
living world.
32
Stage 2

• 2 cells produce sugars
• cells use hydrogen and carbon dioxide
• create a reaction that produce sugar, glucose
• glucose is the energy for the plant
• Almost all the oxygen in Earths atmosphere is
  produced by living things through photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis What is the process of
photosynthesis? (pg 104)
34
Photosynthesis
Producing Food The second stage of photosynthesis
makes food for a plant. How can the information
for Stage 1 and Stage 2 be completed? (pg 104)
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The Photosynthesis Equation

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36
Lesson 4

• Cellular Respiration
• Cellular Respiration Bioflix

37
Cellular Respiration

• Cells obtain energy from glucose
• oxygen is used to break down glucose,
  releasing energy
• Living things need a constant supply of energy
• Respiration is used to mean breathing since
  breathing brings oxygen into lungs which is then
  carried to cells

38
Cellular Respiration
Getting Energy How do the hiker's energy and
breathing rate change as she climbs? (pg 107)
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2 Stages

• 1 in cytoplasm, glucose is broken into smaller
  molecules (small amt of energy)
• 2 in mitochondria, small molecules are broken
  down even more, using oxygen and releases a great
  deal of energy

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Cellular Respiration Equation

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41
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Complete the concept map
about cellular respiration. (pg 108)
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Cellular Respiration
Releasing Energy Cellular respiration takes place
in two stages. What terms will complete the
sentences? (pg 108)
43
The Cycle

• Photosynthesis/ Cellular Respiration Song

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Cellular Respiration
Opposite Processes Producers carry out
photosynthesis, but producers and consumers both
carry out cellular respiration. Use the word bank
to complete the blank boxes. (pg 109)
45
Fermentation

• Releases energy without oxygen
• Alcoholic yeast most common- bread and some
  alcohols, produces alcohol, carbon dioxide
• Lactic Acid in muscles when there is not enough
  oxygen, but energy is still needed

46
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation A ball of bread dough mixed with
yeast is left in a bowl at room temperature. As
time passes, the dough increases in size.
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Yeast

• Fermentation of Yeast Sugar - The Sci Guys
  Science at Home

48
Cellular Respiration
Energy for Life Energy processes in living things
include photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and
fermentation. How would you complete these
statements?
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